宗方 淳

To determine how posture affects the perception of the elderly to judge the brightness of light, an experiment was conducted in which 23 participants older than 65 judged brightness when they were in one of two postures, sitting or reclining. The position and luminance of a light source and the participant's gaze direction were controlled. The participant was instructed to adjust the brightness of a second light source so that the brightness of both sources was the same. The ratio of the two brightnesses was used as the metric. The accuracy of brightness judgment depended on both the posture (sitting or reclining) and the gaze direction. It also depended on the luminance level regardless of the light source position, gaze direction, and posture. These findings can be used, for example, in the design or elderly-friendly living environments.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze relation between students' psychological evaluation and spatial design of the classrooms. We carried out questionary surveys to the students of elementary, junior high and high schools in the metropolitan area. Results are summarized as follows ; 1) As a result of factor analysis, three factor axes were extracted : primary factor is about "a feeling of spaciousness", the second is "acoustical and visual environment" and the third is "a sense of hot, and cold". 2) Evaluation of the girls' "a feeling of spaciousness" factor was heigher than the boys'. 3) In the case of the classrooms of standard type, as the age is younger, the evaluation became higher. 4) Open-type classrooms were generally judged to be good for students. 5) With a lattice ceiling, evaluation of "a feeling of spaciousness" factor lowered. 6) The classroom was generally judged to be good when it is attached to open space with ceiling of 5m to 6m height.

The aim of this study is to understand the influence of difference of levels within the same floor of house on the sense of privacy and communication among family. We conducted two experiments, the Field Experiment and the Image Experiment. First, We compared the sense of privacy and communication in detached housings with and without 'skip-floor' territory between living and dinning space, in the Field Experiment. The result indicates that a skip floor has the effects on occupants' perception, for instances, a variety of space, softening the feeling of privacy disturbance, being conscious of the presence of other family members, and comfort to start communication. Next, we conducted the Image Experiment by computer graphics for the purpose which shows clearly whether the result of the field experiment is the influence by the floor level difference. we obtaind the result that the significant difference was checked in the sense of privacy between the higher and the lower stage, on the Evaluation factor and the Privacy factor.

The purpose of this study is to compare the perception of the brightness of light in sitting posture against reclining posture through an experiment. Three factors were controlled in the experiment : the position of light source; the luminance of the source; and the subject's gazing condition in reference to the source. The subjects were allowed to adjust the brightness of the compared light source with the brightness of the standard light source. Then, the ratio of brightness between the compared and the standard source was analyzed at each posture. The followings results were obtained : 1) The relative position in visual field which is most sensitive to brightness changes along with posture. 2) The difference among the ratio of three luminance levels is larger in sitting posture than reclining posture. 3) Peripheral visual field is perceived as being more brightly than the central visual regardless of position, luminance of light sources and subject's posture.

An experimental research was conducted to study student's acceptance of environmental transformation and their behavior toward it in the classroom, by means of observation of the student's behavior and a questionnaire of free description form. Students of an elementary school and a junior high school experienced an experimental classroom of which ceiling height was set to 2.4m, 2.7m or 3.0m. As a result, it was confirmed that the students' reactions are different according to the ceiling height, the school age, and the date. Students not only reacted to the ceiling but also showed the reaction toward the objects lowered by lowing of the ceiling.

This study aims to verify the relation between the oppressive feeling caused by single building and group of buildings and physical factors by regression analysis. For this purpose, questionnaire surveys were performed in field experiments. The results of the study are as follows. At first, the aspect ratio calculated from the proportion of a building facade has an effect on the oppressive feeling. It is considered to be the important physical factor in evaluation of the oppressive feeling by single building. Secondly, in case of single building, the configuration factor is a representative physical factor in an evaluation of the oppressive feeling. Besides, in case of group of buildings, the direction of eyesight faced to the buildings also has influence on the oppressive feeling. Therefore, it was ascertained to be difficult to explain the oppressive feeling only with configuration factor in urban space.

In this study we aimed to find out the actual condition of classroom, especially the appropriate class size in Japanese school. Thus we conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey on the teachers who were in charge of classes of elementary school, junior high school and high school. Through this survey we reached the findings as follows; 1)there were a little difference in environmental evaluation among the grade which they were in charge of, 2)there were significant difference in environmental evaluation among different levels of area per student, 3)from the factor analysis, we found out 2 factors; spaciousness and stability, 4)in the teachers' free description, width of the classroom was most important factor both in their satisfaction and dissatisfaction, 5)we could show the figuring process about the appropriate class size.

The aim of this study is to understand the influence of floor level difference on a sense of privacy. We conducted experiments measuring personal territory in a full scale experimental room with a difference of level in the middle. We used "stop-distance measurement" methodology to the horizontal distances between human and the object supposed human, and between human and object. We found the follows. 1)Personal territory felt to object supposed human has a different meaning for every height of the floor level. It expands when the difference in the level is 15cm, and shrunk at 30cm and 45cm. It also greatly expands at 60cm and 75cm. 2)Personal territory felt to object on the lower level is larger than the one of upper level of the floor. 3)Personal territory felt to object becomes large to 45cm and becomes small in 60 and 75cm, on the lower level of the floor. It becomes small, so that the height of a floor-level becomes high, on the upper level of the floor. 4)Male's personal territory is larger than female's personal territory. 5)The personal territory required for "relaxation" is larger than the one of required for "comfortableness" and "conversation" as defined by Hashimoto et al.7)

An experimental research was conducted to study the influence of ceiling height of class room on the subjective impression of students, with a special interest in the difference of age and adaptation to the room. Three class rooms with the ceiling height of 2.4m, 2.7m and 3.0m in a elementary school and a junior high school were evaluated on its impression by students of five different grades at the beginning and the end of their temporary staying of two weeks. As a result, older students evaluate the room less spacious, and age show larger effect than the ceiling height and the influence of adaptation. Additionally the results show the possibility of the existence of adequate height for the subjective impression of class room.

It is necessary to obtain the direct evaluation from the residents in the welfare facilities for the elderly, if the staff cannot completely understand the residents' demand. Then, the evaluation from the staff and the residents to the living environment was investigated as a case study, and the following results were obtained.・It proposed the method of obtaining the evaluation from both, and the methodological findings to receive the residents' evaluation were obtained. ・There are differences in the evaluation from both. Therefore, it was clarified to have to hear the direct evaluation from the residents.

After the abolish of special restriction of the minimum height of ceiling in shool rooom at November 2005, it can be said that the importance studying the influence of ceiling height of school room on its physical and psychological environment has become much greater. Thus experimental research was carried out in temporary school rooms of three ceiling height (2.4m, 2.7m and 3.0m) where students of junior high school evaluated its environment, in addition to the measurement of its acoustic and daylighting environment. As a result, the relation between students' subjective evaluation and the difference of physhical environment was not clear, however, it can be said that students distinguished evidently the difference of the rooms in terms of subjective preference and spacial impressions. Those differences are larger between the lowest height and other two height than between the highest and the second.

This study is on the reproductivity of the visual environment by the dynamic simulation displayed on the wide screen. The result shows that a sense of reality is highly influenced by the modeling accuracy and supplemented by speeding up the moving velocity if the modeling accuracy is low. On the other hand, the quality of the mesh division and the resolution of the texture for mapping do not influence a sense of reality so much under the circumstances of this study.

Previous research showed that colored light affects Landolt C test performance, and increasing the relative contribution of short-wavelength (blue) light will reduce pupil size and increase visual acuity. However, whether the evaluation of discomfort glare differs when the color of light differs is unknown. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of colored lights on the evaluation and range of discomfort glare. Among the nine colored lights we selected, at the same luminance level, blue light causes the most discomfort glare, and green light causes the least discomfort glare. The order of discomfort glare is approximately blue, white, red or yellow, and green. We also found that a subject's evaluation of discomfort glare becomes more intense when color temperature is increased. In addition, after comparing our result with Helmholtz-Kohlrausch phenomenon, we found that people's range of discomfort glare under each colored light were different. Our study shows that the color of light affects the evaluation of discomfort glare. Therefore, using colored lights as a technique to reduce the level of discomfort glare is possible.

Some researches show the results that the color of light affects landolt C performance, and increasing the relative contribution of short-wavelength (blue) light will reduce pupil size and increase visual acuity. The research object is to investigate the effect of color of the light on brightness. The results are as follows: Among the 14 colors we used, the B/L ratio of blue light is the biggest, and then is green, red, white, yellow and color of lamp. But except for blue, the significant difference on brightness between green, red, yellow and white is not found. However, under the same luminance level, blue light is significantly brighter than white light and the other colors we used. On the other hand, according to the research reported by Ayama M., the brightness will increase when the purity of color of light increases. However, in our study, only B/L ratio of blue light increases when the purity increases. Because the blue light is significantly brighter than white light, in the future, it is possible to reduce luminance levels and increase energy savings while maintaining the same level of brightness.

In order to clarify the current situation on classroom acoustics for hearing impaired students, we performed a survey through nationwide questionnaires and acoustic measurement in elementary and junior high schools. First, the nationwide questionnaires for teachers revealed their awareness to classroom acoustics, diversity of architectural specification of classrooms, and a variety of sounds interfering with students' hearing. Secondly, acoustic measurement was performed at 6 typical schools, which were selected on account of architectural specification and construction age. It showed the distribution of acoustic performance of special instruction rooms and normal classrooms regarding reverberation time, sound insulation between rooms, and indoor ambient noise. Finally, we discussed the measured results in comparison with the standards recommended by overseas governments and AIJ.

This study is to investigate the relation between resident's satisfaction with daylighting of room and several characteristics of windows that offer daylighting to the room. Data of a little less than one thousand housings were gathered and subjective impression on the satisfaction with daylighting were evaluated by residents. The result show that, when the type of housing or room, height of the housing and the region of the housing differ, the subjective satisfaction in the daylight through window of the same opening ratio to the area or the room area can be different. And windows on the wall of different direction are evaluated in different way. Because it can not be denied that the sampling way of this data is biased, further research on this issue is required to make a standard of window size of housing.

The mental image of residents in a certain community means the result of which residents have mentally judged on their region through the long period. Identifying the community image means the appreciation of mental structure; therefore this intention includes actively complying with the citizen opinion in the planning process. However, the judging result of metal cognition has not been identified in terms of spatial structure; the mental result could not play an important role for planning utilization. Hereupon, this study sueeests the method of spatial cognition and contemplates the utilization scheme for community planning. The analyses have operated through out the Spatial Statistics and GIS based on the questionnaire over three site of Tokyo Metropolitan Area from September to December in 2002. Consequently, the first result reveals the regional characters by spatial distribution. Secondly, the mentally homogeneous area could be identified as an important planning element through out investigating the distribution scale of spatial cognition by using Spatial Statistics.

In order to understand the way finding process, we proposed to notice the mental state of walkers, especially their degree of anxiety. On site way finding experiment were conducted: 4 courses in downtown area of Tokyo were selected. Under 2 types of instructions, 29 participants explored these courses, expressing their inner mental state as the degree of anxiety. As a result, we could draw participants' sequential change of mental state along with their choices of path which were influenced by the contents of instructions. Furthermore, these sequential changes could be partly explained with the physical environment of the city.

This study is on the appropriate setting of the angle of view and reality in computer graphics, as a method of simulation of interior. 1. For the simulation of the room about 1 6 m^2, using 17 inch monitor. 74 degrees is the best horizontal angle of view. 2. We studied what element of space affects the reality of CG and how it affects. We think the CG is real, when the shadow, the smoothness of the curved surface and the texture are real. The detail of modeling, the fineness of mesh, the texture, the times of calculation and the method of rendering affect the reality. But their highest settings don't result in highest reality and we can set the parameters properly. 3. The media we present CG is not so influential on the reality, but it affects the space perception so much.

This study explored how subjective evaluation of townscape are influenced by presentation settings such as the size of the picture on screen, the distance between screen and observer and the angle of view of the picture. Experiments of townscape evaluation with several presentation settings were held, and following results are obtained : 1) The size of picture have little influence on almost all rating scales. 2) The distance between screen and observer have strong influence on the rating score of spaciousness and activity, however it have small influence on scales such as preference, beauty and harmonious. 3) Smaller viewing angle than real situation make the area of point of attention wider in the frame of picture.

The purpose of this study is to designate a comfortable design for ralway stircases, particularly for the elderly, based on pedestrians' visual perception. In order to know the differences in the subjective evaluations of stairs between the elderly and the younger subjects, interview investigations and the evaluation experiments were conducted in regard to visual perceptions. 25 color photographs of stairs in subways were evaluated. 21 elderly subjects and 25 young subjects were participated in our experiments The following conclusions were obtained; (l) by direct interviews with subjects, 5 factors such as feelings of spaciousness, care-free, usability, exertion loads and design were classified, (2) by factor analysis three major factors were derived. where were mainly connected with a feeling of spaciousness, esthetic sence and exertion sence, (3) a feeling of spaciousness was the major factor to evaluate stairs for the elderly subjects, and design was the major factor for the young subjects, (4) between age groups, there were distinct differences between the factor of feeling of esthetic and the exertion of stairs, and but there was no differences concerning the feeling of spaciousness. Both age groups evaluated the perception of stairs mainly by a factor of a feeling of spaciousness. It became clear that in regard to factor of the feeling of preferences, the young subjects' evaluations were based on both factors of the presence of an escalator and the length of stairs, while elderly subjects' evaluation were based only on the presence of an escalator.

The purpose of this study is to grasp the diversity of ordinary people's image about townscape, using "Caption Evaluation Method". By this method, we can get the data about evaluation of townscape as verbal data described by free term. In this paper, it has tried to apply multivariable analysis on this verbal data. Specifically, it is as follows : 1) By combined use of the KJ-method and multivariable analysis, the categories which classify the words and phrases which constitute the contents of description have been determined. 2) MDS and correspondence analysis have been applied on the cross-tabulation using this categories.

The purpose of this study is to grasp the diversity of ordinary people's image about townscape, using new method named Caption Evaluation Method. Field researches were carried out as case studies, and terms for evaluating townscape were obtained. The result of analyzing these classified data are as followings. 1) Non-physical factor, e.g. social, human and non-visual factor, should be considered for townscape design. 2) Classified items are divided into 2 types. One is examining item and the other is targeting item which consists of items scored by deducting points and items scored by adding points.

Impression of interior and exterior environment of a super high-rise apartment was studied by field survey on inhabitants and around habitants. The results are as followings. 1. Few inhabitants chose this apartment because it is a super high-rise building. 2. A turning point exist around particular floor in the evaluation of outside view, of which height is influenced by outside situation. 3. Oppression of the super high-rise building can be felt at a distance of over 700m. 4. The exterior environment is evaluated better by inhabitants than by around habitants. People who know inhabitants evaluate more favorably than those who do not.