張 益凖

We successively think through conceptual changes in the sketching process and this forms the foundation of the creative thinking process. Sketching is a visualization tool of recognizing and reinterpreting to find the resolution to a design problem, and most of the studies have been regarded in the results or the apparent meanings of sketches. However, we aim to observe conceptual changes in the sketching process and report the aspects of these changes using the intrinsic attributes of the concepts. This study is original in that it reveals that attribute changes can induce overall categorical changes in concepts in the goal problem. This investigation consists of observations of college students’ sketching and interviews with them. The research data was analyzed using protocol analysis and Linkography. During the sketching process, attributes of sketches enable categorical changes, which qualitatively transform the existing forms of cognition into those with completely different concepts.

<p>As a method of makeup, Japanese women prefer similar colors to their skin. This study aims to clarify this statement, using the perceptual illusion of makeup, and to establish whether the statement is biased by women's exposure to the method. A preliminary survey showed that only the Japanese female participants were aware of the similar-color method, and preferred similar colors to their complexions. The primary experiment tested the evaluation, by Japanese and Chinese in their 20s, male and female participants, of a yellowish face, with various shades of lipstick, as "beautiful," "natural," a "ruddy complexion" or "acceptable." All participant groups agreed that orange to red-pink lipsticks, result in a ruddy complexion. These colors were appreciated, by Japanese and Chinese men and Chinese women, as beautiful, natural and acceptable. However, Japanese women rated orangish lipstick the highest, in these three measures. Therefore, the judgement of makeup is a behavior that is determined and learned, based on past experience.</p>