松香 敏彦

The present study investigated (1) how well humans can recognize facial expressions represented by a small set of landmarks, a commonly used technique in facial recognition in machine learning and (2) differences in conscious observational behaviors to recognized different types of expressions. Our video stimuli consisted of facial expression represented by 68 landmark points. Conscious observational behaviors were measured by movements of the mouse cursor where a small area around it was only visible to participants. We constructed Bayesian models to analyze how personality traits and observational behaviors influenced how participants recognized different facial expressions. We found that humans could recognize positive expressions with high accuracy, similar to machine learning, even when faces were represented by a small set of landmarks. Although humans fared better than machine learning, recognition of negative expressions was not as high as positives. Our results also showed that personality traits and conscious observational behaviors significantly influenced recognizing facial expressions. For example, people with high agreeableness could correctly recognize faces expressing happiness by observing several areas among faces without focusing on any specific part for very long. These results suggest a mechanism whereby personality traits lead to different conscious observational behaviors and recognitions of facial expressions are based on information obtained through those observational behaviors.

A back-channel is a short utterance made by non-primary speakers. In the Japanese language back-channel is called 'Aizuchi, ' Aizuchi has long been considered as a positive reaction to the primary speaker showing agreement or appraisal and or giving the right to continue speaking. Togashi argues that, in contrast to the conventional view, the essence of aizuchi is a sign of internal information processing in the mind of the one who uses aizuchi. The present study examined the usage of aizuchi as a non-primary speaker's internal information processing using Japanese map task dialogue. The result of our analysis showed that aizuchi often occurred when the primary speakers introduced an object known by the non-primary speakers into the conversation as predicted by Togashi's view of aizuchi. It was also suggested that the presence/absence of aizuchi was not necessarily a clear sign indicating the non-primary speakers have knowledge about the target object but rough but useful information to predict the knowledge state of the non-primary speakers.

Previous studies indicated that how people look at others' faces depends on observers' characteristics. A vast majority of these studies used aggregated data, treating gaze data in a static manner and often neglected dynamics of observational behaviors. The present study, on the other hand, examined the relationship between observers' personality traits and observational behaviors (i.e., which areas of face were looked at) using time-series eye movement data. In particular, we collected gaze data using a smile judgments task, asking participants to judge whether smiley faces were genuine or not. Observational behav-iors were analyzed using a hidden Markov model. The results showed that participants with different patterns of personality traits exhibited different transition patterns. In addition, there were also significant interactions between personality traits and the number of hidden states each participant had. Furthermore, there were significant relationships between participants' person-ality traits and the result of judgments.

In this paper, we investigated the effects of visual and auditory adaptation on material appearance. The target in this study was metallic perception. First, participants evaluated CG images using sounds and other images. In the experiment, we prepared metallic stimulus under various adaptation conditions with different combinations of metal image, non-metal image, metal sound, and non-metal sound stimuli. After these adaptations, the participants answered "metal"or "non-metal"after viewing a displayed reference image. The reference images were generated by interpolating metal and non-metal images. Next, we analyzed the results and clarified the effects of visual, auditory, and audiovisual adaptations on the metallic perception. For analyzing results, we used a logistic regression analysis based on Bayesian statistics. From the analysis results, we found visual and auditory adaptation effects. On the other hand, we did not find the cross-modal effects of audiovisual adaptation. Finally, we created a model of the linear sum of the visual and audio adaptation effects on metallic material appearance

<p>日本語地図課題対話を用いて，特定の参照対象の相互認識過 程の定量的な分析を行った。具体的には，Clark and Wilers- Gibbs ら [Clark 86] が述べている'Installment noun pharase' がどの程度使用されるのか，また，発話の途中で，聞き手がど のような応答をどの程度行っているかを調査した。その結果， 両者の地図に存在するランドマーク (共有条件) の場合は分割 提示をした際に聞き手からの応答が増えることが示された。一 方，会話参加者のどちらか一方の地図にのみ存在するランド マーク (有無条件) の場合は，発話の途中に無音区間を入 れても聞き手からの応答が増えず，発話途中の聞き手からの応 答が少ないことが分った。</p>

Previous studies have shown that when choosing one of two logically equivalent frames (e.g., "half full" or "half empty"), people tend to choose based on a reference point. For example, when the amount of water in a glass with 500 ml capacity was originally 0 ml (or 500 ml), and then increased (or decreased) to 250 ml, people tend to express the amount of water in the glass as "half full" (or "half empty"). In the present study, we examined whether participants explicitly made a frame choice based on the reference point. We conducted four behavioral experiments relating to frame choice tasks. Specifically, participants were presented with a story-based or prime-based reference point and then made a frame choice. Furthermore, participants provided their reasons for the choice. Our findings on frame choices and their reasons can be summarized as follows. First, when participants were presented with a story-based reference point, some of them reported that they made frame choices based on the reference point. Second, when a reference point was presented as a prime, participants' frame choices were affected by this reference point. However, almost no participants reported that they made frame choices based on the reference point. These results indicate that the effect of reference points on frame choices is robust and that people do not always explicitly make frame choices based on the reference point.

Some researchers on binary choice inference have argued that people make inferences based on simple heuristics, such as recognition, fluency, or familiarity. Others have argued that people make inferences based on available knowledge. To examine the boundary between heuristic and knowledge usage, we examine binary choice inference processes in terms of attribute substitution in heuristic use (Kahneman & Frederick, 2005). In this framework, it is predicted that people will rely on heuristic or knowledge-based inference depending on the subjective difficulty of the inference task. We conducted competitive tests of binary choice inference models representing simple heuristics (fluency and familiarity heuristics) and knowledge-based inference models. We found that a simple heuristic model (especially a familiarity heuristic model) explained inference patterns for subjectively difficult inference tasks, and that a knowledge-based inference model explained subjectively easy inference tasks. These results were consistent with the predictions of the attribute substitution framework. Issues on usage of simple heuristics and psychological processes are discussed.

本研究は、観察者の性格特性が顔の印象評定と観察行動に与える影響について検討することを目的とし、二つの分析を行った。分析１では、行動実験で得られた眼球運動と性格特性のデータをもとに、複数のモデルを比較し説明力の高い階層的ベイズモデルを選出した。その結果、観察行動は(a)観察者の性格特性と(b)観察者と被観察者の性別を含むモデルが適切であることが示された。一方、顔への印象評定は性別情報を含まないモデルがより適切であることが示された。具体的には、外向性と協調性は性格特性のみ、向上心、神経質と好奇心は観察行動のみを含むモデルが高い説明力を持つことが示された。分析２では、選出されたモデルを用いて詳細な検証を行った。その結果、目、口、眉への観察行動は観察者の性格特性と性別情報に強く関係することが示された。印象評定項目では向上心、神経質と好奇心には口や眉の観察行動が影響していることが示された。

&nbsp;The present study has investigated how mutual briefs about task executions are updatedduring collaborative tasks using the Japanese map task corpus. The results haveshown that the current models describe only part of mutual brief updating processes,and that there exist other types of processes. According to the current models, a mutualbelief is considered to be achieved when the instruction follower accepts instructionsgiven by the instruction giver and gives some sign of actually completing the giventask. However, the present study has shown that mutual beliefs could be achieved evenwhen the follower neither follows the instruction nor gives any sign of completion. Theanalysis indicates that the conversations in map tasks do not necessarily require priorplanning and conversations to obtain clear mutual briefs about the goals to achieve theway the current models expect. Rather, ambiguous mutual beliefs and somewhat independentactions, coupled with inference about mutual goals, are sufficient to achievethe map tasks. In order to explain these results, we have proposed more detailedmechanisms about how mutual beliefs update.

In this article, we examine conversational behaviors when people describe the outcomes of uncertain events. We propose a new hypothesis, frame choice based on rarity information, that is built on the basis of one prominent measure of informativeness (i.e., self-information). The hypothesis predicts that when speakers can choose one of two logically equivalent frames for describing the outcome of an uncertain event (e.g., the results of the roll of a die or a medical operation), they prefer the frame denoting an event that is known or perceived to be rare. Four experiments using frame choice tasks provide evidence that speakers' choice of frame is explained well by the rarity hypothesis.

<p>本研究では動きを表現する際のオノマトペの役割について検討した。実験１では動きを他者に伝える際にオノマトペを用いた場合とそうでない場合の伝達性について比較した。実験２では自らの記憶手がかりとしての有用性について検討した。その結果，他者への伝達性についてはオノマトペが優れているという結果は得られなかったが，自らの記憶手がかりとしての有効性に関してはオノマトペの方が優れている傾向にあることが示された。</p>

In research on the recognition heuristic (Goldstein & Gigerenzer, Psychological Review, 109, 75-90, 2002), knowledge of recognized objects has been categorized as "recognized" or "unrecognized" without regard to the degree of familiarity of the recognized object. In the present article, we propose a new inference model-familiarity-based inference. We hypothesize that when subjective knowledge levels (familiarity) of recognized objects differ, the degree of familiarity of recognized objects will influence inferences. Specifically, people are predicted to infer that the more familiar object in a pair of two objects has a higher criterion value on the to-be-judged dimension. In two experiments, using a binary choice task, we examined inferences about populations in a pair of two cities. Results support predictions of familiarity-based inference. Participants inferred that the more familiar city in a pair was more populous. Statistical modeling showed that individual differences in familiarity-based inference lie in the sensitivity to differences in familiarity. In addition, we found that familiarity-based inference can be generally regarded as an ecologically rational inference. Furthermore, when cue knowledge about the inference criterion was available, participants made inferences based on the cue knowledge about population instead of familiarity. Implications of the role of familiarity in psychological processes are discussed.

In two simulation studies, we compare the attention learning predictions of three well-known adaptive network models of category learning: ALCOVE, RASHNL, and SUSTAIN. The simulation studies use novel stimulus structures designed to explore the effects of predictor diagnosticity and independence, and differentiate the models regarding their tendencies to learn simple rules versus exemplar-based representations for categories. An interesting phenomenon is described in which the models (especially SUSTAIN and RASHNL) learn to attend to a completely nondiagnostic constant dimension.

本発表の目的は、大規模な書誌データベースから、学術情報の流通に関する有意味なデータを抽出するために行なった方法論的工夫について報告し、そのような方法論の適切性、妥当性に関する検討に付することである。本研究では、まずデータの前処理として大規模な書誌・引用データベースを緻密な検索規則などを用いてより正確な機関同定をおこなった。 次に、形態素解析された論文のアブストラクトをもとに、各論文の研究分野を定義した。これらの結果を用いて、日本の大学の研究成果産出状況を報告する。

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a type of meta-heuristic optimization method built on the basis of the principle of collective behaviors exhibited by simple organisms. Although PSO is a model of social behaviors, the present research attempts to model learning behaviors of an individual human with PSO in order to evaluate our hypothesis that the dynamics of knowledge that are being acquired and updated in our mind resemble the dynamics of social interactions exhibited by swarms. A simulation study showed that a cognitive model with PSO was able to replicate not only manifested cognitive behaviors but also latent cognitive behaviors, resulting in the acquisition of at least two dissimilar yet functional solutions for a given task.