秋田 典子

Community gardens offer broad research opportunities and analytical resources encompassing urban planning to environmental sustainability, food systems, and social capital. However, little is known about the knowledge structure and research development related to community gardens. This study presents an in-depth bibliometric performance analysis and visual scientific mapping analysis of the literature on community gardens by examining 487 published papers selected from the Web of Science database. The results indicated a considerable rise in research papers in this subject area from 2012 onwards, with most contributions from the United States. Studies from high-income countries accounted for 93.22%, and 38 countries have cooperated 167 times in this field. “Health” is the most frequent keyword, and the terms “ecosystem services” has been gaining popularity over the last five years. A combination of co-citation clustering and keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis identified three major research themes in the field of community gardens: “ecosystem services and disservices”, “multidimensional association”, and “sustainable garden systems”. The development of ecosystem value assessment frameworks, the establishment of region-wide soil monitoring databases, accounting for the cost-effectiveness of nature-based solutions, the integration of garden systems into smart cities, and the integration of water management into regulation will be important future research directions regarding community gardens. Overall, this study provides scholars with a systematic and quantitative understanding of community gardens.

Allotment gardens (AGs) are widely used in metropolitan areas around the world to offer agricultural opportunities to urban residents. However, there are not enough individual plots for residents to rent for urban gardening, and research on AGs from a city-wide perspective is ongoing. In addition, AGs have a long history in Tokyo, yet few international studies on the current situation of AGs have addressed Asian cities. Thus, this study intends to analyze the provision of AGs and its influencing factors in Tokyo. Using ArcGIS combined the 472-points dataset created by geo-coordinate mapping with urban GIS data to reveal spatial characteristics in four dimensions. Results demonstrate that most AGs are in the urbanization promotion area; most municipalities have AGs; AGs are concentrated within 20 to 30 km from the center of Tokyo; the AGs’ clusters are located at the municipal boundaries. We conducted multiple regressions to determine the influencing factors at the municipal level, with the provision that AGs are related to population density, land price, and the ratio of productive green space. The policy implication of this study is that policymakers need to consider the siting strategy of AGs based on spatial characteristics of AGs.

The biodiversity and carbon dioxide absorption function of forests have received attention due to global warming. However, most of the world’s forests are general production forests. Since production forests are maintained by production activities, a decrease in production or abandonment of management leads to a decline in forest functions and increases the risk of disasters such as landslides. Against this background, the retention approach has been proposed as a way to convert general production forests into forests with enhanced environmental functions, but it has rarely been applied due to technical and cost barriers. This study focuses on cost barriers and examines the possibility of introducing a retention approach to converting production forests to environmental forests, using Japan as a case study. About 70% of Japan’s land area is covered with forests, 40% of which are production forests. However, due to the sharp decline in demand for timber in recent years and price competition with imported timber, the selling price of timber has fallen below the cost of managing production forests, and the management of many production forests has been abandoned. The dilemma is that the retention approach applied to the wood production process cannot be applied to forests where production activities are stagnant. Therefore, we explored the possibility of recovering the necessary costs with carbon credits that are available in the Japanese market. We calculated the cumulative carbon stocks of carbon dioxide in production forests by age, using intensity, and estimated how many years after planting the combined costs of normal production forests management and the retention approach would balance out. Our calculations show that even if carbon credits were sold at the lowest market price, the balance of payments would be balanced about 30 years after planting, resulting in a net profit from the sale of the wood.

<p>Vast populations have spread into cities and contributed to urban sprawl in China. Rural villages have not had enough time to self-renew and become directly involved in the urban fabric. As a result, rural villages have become urbanized. Throughout the shockingly speedy process of urbanization in China over the past four decades, the urban village has played an irreplaceable role in the city by accommodating a vast number of migrants, thus mitigating the problem of the increasing shortage of housing brought about by rapid urbanization. However, the long-standing, controversial question of how to renovate urban villages remains due to their unique characteristics. In recent years, instead of demolition, Shenzhen renew the urban villages by renovating the original village buildings (which are 7–8 stories tall) and converting them into rental apartments, as the planning policy of comprehensive renovation (zonghezhengzhi). Could the comprehensive renovation be applied to urban villages in the north of the country? In this study, we found that the formation mechanism and development of urban villages in the north and south are similar, and the challenges and contradictions in the process of transformation are alike. However, there are differences in spatial form and architectural style. The typical urban village in Beijing shows the form of quadrangular houses two stories tall or less in the north is relatively low in terms of building volume ratio. In addition, the spatial form is related to the commercial form of the urban village and also influences the income consisting of the villagers' collective share and rental income, which is derived from fixed assets (e.g. houses, factory buildings). In turn, spatial and commercial form affects the cost of the mode of transformation (demolition/redevelopment or integrated transformation). Therefore, we believe that regional differences in physical space should not be ignored in policy decisions and that different criteria should be considered and applied under different local policies.</p>

With the rapid development of China's urbanization, the gap between the development level of China's cities and villages is becoming more and more obvious. The rapid increase in the urban population has aggravated the utilization of urban land resources. While rural areas have a large number of residential land, the population is decreasing year by year, which presents great potential for development. How to coordinate the relationship between urban and rural areas has become an important issue in China. In recent years, the Chinese government has made a series of attempts in the peri-urbanization areas between cities and villages. In 2017, based on the project named New Pastoralism, the central government in China put forward a planning mode named Rural Complex, which retains the local residents and forms a community to attract new residents, also with the aid of tourism to attract consumers from the city. As a pilot project, New Pastoralism has been operating for several years. As a pilot scheme, it brings some good effects but it also has some defects, especially in its management. Meanwhile there are few studies on its management, operation, and its effects on urban-rural development in China.This paper will take the New Pastoralism project as an example, studying its defects as well as the positive influence of its planning, construction, operation, and management modes based on the related policies, to discusses whether the Rural Complex can play a positive role in coordinating urban-rural development in China.

A worldwide introduction of renewable energy has been required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Concomitantly, this has caused conflict between renewable energy development and local communities over landscape changes. This study aims to clarify the factors of conflict and find a way of conflict management. A case study on Japan is used, where a solar rush occurred due to the feed-in tariff (FIT) system. We analyze the public reasons to worry about renewable energy and the spatial characteristics of its locations. A socio-spatial approach is used by first utilizing a qualitative survey based on questionnaires and interviews with the local governments to understand the awareness regarding the issues, and then utilizing a quantitative survey on the location changes to solar power by using GIS. The results suggest that there were links between local governments' concerns and the location of solar power concentration. These results show that conflicts over renewable energy are not unavoidable and may be managed by local governments that can act as intermediaries with sufficient knowledge of the local communities.

<p>本研究では、集約型都市構造を目指す自治体の大都市郊外の住宅団地に着目し、生活環境の実態を把握して定住意識を明らかにした上で、今後も住民が継続的に居住していくための方策の示唆を得ることを目的とする。対象地は立地適正化計画（案）において現状のまま街を維持していく方針が示されている八王子市高尾台地区である。現地踏査やヒアリング調査、住民意識調査を実施し、住宅団地の概況を踏まえながら住民が感じている「住宅団地の住みやすさ」と「転出意向」の背景を探り，住民の継続的な居住へ向けた方策を検討した。結果、利便性が低く都市計画において住環境の改善が見込まれない住宅団地においても、人々の繋がりや緑環境が良好であれば、住民は住みやすいと感じると言うことが示唆された。</p>

<p>本研究は静岡県伊豆市を対象に特定用途制限地域制度の導入による市街地開発への影響を検証するものである。本研究の狙いは、線引きの対象とならない小規模な地方自治体における土地利用コントロール手法としての同制度の検証により、人口減少化における土地利用コントロール手法に関する示唆を得ることにある。伊豆市ではコンパクトシティ政策の実現のために同制度を導入され、検証の結果住居や店舗が拠点に集積していることが確認できた。その一方で、歩行空間など住環境に関する課題があることもまた明らかとなった。</p>

<p>Ishinomaki city was damaged by the tsunami at the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the flooded area was the largest among the disaster cities. In Ogatsu, all of the centers of the town became the place that people cannot live, so population significantly decrease. The purpose of this research is to clarify the migration of the inhabitants in Ogatsu. We analyzed the living situation of temporary and permanent of the 618 households who lived in the old center of the Ogatsu area. Through this research, we have revealed the following things; The Ogatsu area could not secure the residence within the district because it was difficult to obtain temporary housing within the same area. Among the 618 households, the Ogatsu district occupied 11.2% in the temporary period and 12.5% in the permanent period. Although the residents of the Ogatsu area moved to the outside during the temporary period, they intend to reside again. But for the households who could not return, large-scale housing complexes in the Kahoku district took on them. We want to clarify the difference in residential trends due to the presence or absence of designation of disaster hazard area.</p>

本研究は、2015年5月に全面施行された空家等対策の推進に関する特別措置法に基づく空家対策の運用実態とその課題を、首都圏近郊に位置し、空家の絶対数が多い千葉県松戸市を対象に明らかにしたものである。千葉県松戸市では、他の多くの自治体でも採用されていたように、空家対策特措法の制定以前に自治体条例として空家問題に対応し、この条例を通じて勧告も行っている。また、自治体条例時のデータの積み重ねを空家対策特措法の運用においても活用することで、迅速な特定空家の指定、法第12条に基づく情報の提供、助言、法第9条に基づく立入調査、法第14条第1項に基づく助言又は指導、法第14条第2項に基づく勧告の実施に至っていること、また、特定空家の指定により、空家の大部分に何らかの取組みが見られ、解消に向かっていることが明らかになった。一方で、空家の絶対量に対して１年間の運用で対応可能な件数には限界があり、今後、更に空家が増加した場合、効率的に運用を行うための工夫が必要であることが課題として示された。

<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify how the sites of public elementary and junior high schools are used. Thr ough this study, the authors revealed three main points. First, this study comprises of 52 sites in Iwate and Miyagi Prefecture. S chools located at the sites were abolished or moved inland. Second, location of sites influenced the land uses. For example, when the site is located in the area designated as disaster hazard areas after it was affected by the Tsunami, there will be plans to change land use to a public facility, public restoration housing, or residential housing. Lastly, there are cases that the projects for restoration influence the land use of sites. For example, a site is planned as a public community center because there will b e a new residential area near the site. In this case, it can also be said that the local government took into account sentiments of residents because schools were very important for local communities and local residents. However, there are some problems such as maintenance costs. In summary, it is necessary to consider the situations of topology or projects for restoratio n near sites.</p>

東日本大震災後、国の復興事業の復興土地区画整理事業が津波被災地で導入されているが、実需との乖離が課題となっている。本研究では時間経過に伴う住民の居住形態や意識の変化プロセスが空間形成へ及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした。岩手県釜石市において約40%が事業実施区域の地区を主な分析対象とし、住民への聞き取り調査とアンケート調査、文献調査、現地調査、市役所担当課へのヒアリング調査、GISを用いた空間分析を実施した。対象地区では震災の約2年後に土地区画整理事業が都市計画決定された。事業区域内に居住していた世帯のうち2016年2月時点で元の場所に居住している世帯は14.0%に留まり、24.0%が他の場所へ再建を終えていた。区域外に居住していた世帯のうち2016年2月時点で元の場所に居住している世帯は88.2%を占め、他の場所での再建世帯は存在しない。事業の影響がないと判断した時点で自宅再建を決めた世帯が増えた。高齢化が進む地区だが、居住選択は殆ど年齢による有意差は見られず、事業実施区域や決定タイミングが居住選択に大きな影響を及ぼしていると考えられる。

太陽光パネルによる景観問題が急増している。太陽光パネルが景観面で課題となる要因として、第１に、産業やコミュニティの変容・衰退を象徴すること、第２に、排他的土地利用であること、第３に、周囲の土地利用との調和が図られていないこと、第４に、人間の視覚的特性として自然環境の中では太陽光パネルを優先して捉えてしまうことが挙げられる。これらの課題は屋外広告物や建築設備の景観問題と共通性を持つ。課題解決のための手がかりの１つは、太陽光パネルが自然の恵みを享受して利益を得ているということに対する認識の醸成にあるだろう。

神奈川県相模原市では、市街化調整区域の中でも他法令の規制力が弱い地域や、市街化区域周辺地域等の土地利用が混乱した地域に対して、3411条例を活用することで計画的な土地利用転換を図っている。本研究では、相模原市における3411条例の運用に対する調査結果から、個別協議に基づく3411区域指定の課題を明らかにし、市街化調整区域の適切な土地利用コントロールについて考察した。その結果、相模原市の3411区域指定は、市街化調整区域の中でも、農振法による土地利用規制と重複しない地域について、土地利用転換を促していることが明らかになった。残土置場化することで外部不経済をもたらしていた農地が、区域指定により、周辺市街地と調和する良好な住宅地へ転換されていた。一方、農振法の規制力が弱い地域では、農地が集積する地域で突発的な開発が生じた事例も確認されたことから、3411条例によるスプロールの進展や、営農環境の悪化に繋がる可能性が示唆された

少子高齢化社会においては，公共施設等のインフラの維持・管理活動の担い手として住民自身が公共空間に積極的に関わることが求められている。本研究では，住民の主体的な維持・管理活動により公共的土地利用が行われているコミュニティガーデンを対象に，コミュニティが主体性を確保し，空間の公共性を担保するプロセスを4つの事例から分析した。この結果，コミュニティガーデンという場がコミュニティの主体性を醸成するツールになっていること，また空間の公共性はガーデンづくりという協働作業と運営主体の積極的な地域との関わりによって生み出されていることが明らかになった。一方で，コミュニティガーデンのような一種のテーマ型の活動は，活動のきっかけを行政が設定した場合に「区」などの比較的大きな規模のコミュニティが基盤となることから，活動エリアとコミュニティのエリアの整合性を取ることが難しいことが明らかになった。

In this study, we clarify the tasks needed to enlarge the urban parks management system in Makuhari Bay Town district, Chiba city. By interviewing people from civic groups, park administration, and other organizations, we understand the process and actual situation of the urban parks management system with public participation. On the basis of this research, we discuss the recent developments and tasks needed for enlarging the urban parks management system, ranging from individual activities to public participatory activities in the regional community. The results are as follows: 1) Civic groups organized by residents who were interested in theme-oriented activities have led the management system of urban parks in Makuhari Bay Town district. 2) Recently, neighborhood residents of urban parks organized a civic group for park management. In the beginning of the activity, existing organizations supported the civic group by conducting activities such as skill coaching, and so on. 3) To further develop the management system of urban parks with public participation in the regional community, opportunities are needed to enhance communication and mutual cooperation among the civic groups, and to strengthen the partnership between the civic groups and the administration.

Civic groups have recently increased the number of activities that they are performing for the conservation of urban forests. To ensure the successful completion of these activities, strong public&mdash;private partnerships must be established. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the nature of the management system for urban forest conservation, which is based on the formation of partnerships among civic groups, administration, forest owners, and several organizations. This is done by examining the management system for urban forest conservation of Matsudo City, Chiba, where 10 civic groups work at forests under private ownership. The study results indicate that 1) the Satoyama Volunteer Introductory Course offered by civic groups and the local administration helps citizens continuously form civic groups for forest conservation; 2) the form of cooperative administration employed by civic groups and forest owners allows forest conservation work to proceed smoothly; 3) by working within networks, civic groups are able to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to engage in forest conservation and solve any problems that may arise; and 4) a successful system for forest conservation requires that civic groups, forest owners, and neighborhood residents share recognition among themselves and cooperatively set rules for forest conservation.

This study describes the environmental impacts of lumber for building construction in Japan, focusing on CO₂ emission. First, we collected the inventory data of several patterns of lumber with domestically-made or foreign-made using a case study approach based on some fieldworks.<br>Second, we tried to estimate the volume of each and total CO₂ emissions. Finally, we analyzed the issue of estimating method. According to the results, the patterns show obvious differences especially in transportation phase and kiln-drying phase. In addition, the emission coefficients have big influence on the results.