木下 剛

The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage (ARCH) is an innovative, sustainable approach to architectural heritage conservation; however, current research on the subject lacks public awareness surveys from the bottom-up, and the non-use value of ARCH buildings has not been clarified. We investigated the willingness to pay for ARCH among 1460 residents of the Nara Prefecture using a contingent valuation method and clarified the factors affecting the willingness to pay through an ordered logistic regression model. The results of this study showed that 75.1% of the respondents were willing to pay for ARCH projects, which were valued at JPY 6036.13 (USD 41.15) per person per year excluding zero payments and JPY 4531.23 (USD 30.89), including zero payments. In addition, residents’ attitudes toward ARCH and heritage awareness positively influenced both the willingness to pay and its magnitude, while the degree of place attachment was a positive predictor of willingness to pay. This study demonstrates the role of public participation in cultural heritage conservation, emphasizes the importance of heritage awareness, and provides a reference point for policy makers in promoting public participation in ARCH buildings, which contributes to the implementation of a recycling approach to heritage conservation in a sustainable context.

In the post-pandemic era, cities are facing new demands and challenges. Both telecommuting and dense development require communities to provide more public space to meet people’s psychological and physical needs. The insufficient space currently left in the city calls for stock development. The Japanese public libraries affected by COVID-19 are part of this stock. We aimed to determine and propose strategies for using the external space of libraries to enhance the sustainability of cities. Ultimately, we expect to achieve a synergy between public libraries and cities in terms of sustainability. We found that the most dominant element in the exterior space of Japanese public libraries is parking lots, which have the potential to be flexibly utilized in the post-pandemic era. We also summarized the current patterns of external space for public libraries in Japan. Finally, we proposed six strategies to enhance the sustainability of libraries and cities. These strategies can simultaneously enhance the sustainability of cities and public libraries from multiple perspectives, especially in the post-pandemic era. Our proposal will not only help to build or renew public libraries in the future, but also fills a gap in the urban perspective of Japanese public libraries and their external spaces.

<p>Areas where people have lived and produced for long periods of time should have the conditions that make it possible， and therefore, clarifying them will provide useful insights for disaster risk reduction of the area. The purpose of this study is to clarify the topographical composition and the characteristics of land use of 244 old village sections ("Oaza") in the presumed locations of ancient villages in Chiba prefecture, and to verify how they are related to disaster risk and agricultural land use. As a result, it was found that areas of many "Oaza" at the presumed ancient villages were set as to include various topography, and various land uses are made within them. In addition, four types of patterns with common features in topographical composition were confirmed, and it was clarified that the flood risk and agricultural land use differ for each pattern. Since these characteristics were confirmed in a relatively small unit called "Oaza" , maintaining and regenerating proper land use based on each "Oaza" as the basic unit may be an effective approach to reduce flood risk not only in "Oaza" but also in larger units of local communities.</p>

<p>This study investigated the Green Infrastructure (GI) planning in the UK's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park was implemented, by the assumption that GI can create habitats under the environment strongly influenced by human impact. For example, the river, wetland/marshes within the floodplain, Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) were combined with GI planning to contribute to climate change adaptation. In the Park, rivers and wetland/marshes were also considered as GI. Habitats were created not only in the area of reedbed and wet woodland, but also in small-scale GI installation like soft swale. Here, it is significant that the habitat creation can be considered as not only the purpose of the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) but also the means to make GI function. On the other hand, GI implementation can be understood as a measure to create particular habitats. This study showed the relationship between GI planning and habitat creation. In the future it should be analyzed in detail how walkway, cycleway and greenway were designed as GI.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify the background and objective of green infrastructure implementation, opportunities and method of green infrastructure installation, implementation system of green infrastructure, funding, and policy context of green infrastructure implementation in selected green infrastructure-related projects that were carried out for the main purpose of adapting climate change, particularly alleviating a flood risk by using ecosystem service in England. And through above study, we preliminarily discussed the things that contribute to green infrastructure introduction into Japan. In particular, we understood the actual conditions of green infrastructure implementation through bibliographic survey and fieldwork on distinguishing examples of green infrastructure installation into each three types of the site (road, river and public park) that were selected by taking specialist's opinion and the information from authoritative sources into consideration.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify the method to know key issues which green infrastructure can help to improve and targeting score for the priorities by small areas of the city in Liverpool Green Infrastructure Strategy. As a result, the planning process is divided into three steps as follows. Step 1 identifies the strategic priorities for the city. In this step, the priorities are decided based on the evidences and several meetings with stakeholders from across the city. Step 2 focuses data gathering and data mapping. In this step, existing green infrastructure types and functions are identified and the needs of green infrastructure are evaluated. Step 3 identifies actions and issues at the level of small areas of the city. This step develops possible actions based on green infrastructure solution for the priorities. And number of issues is specified across Middle Layer Super Output Areas of national statistics through using existing other statistics data and all kinds of survey data. Furthermore, the targeting scores by neighborhood management area, ward, and other strategic area are calculated quantitatively. This study examined the method of green infrastructure planning for small areas and discussed preliminarily the significance and problems of this method.</p>

This study clarified the framework of planning system and concrete policies to implement green infrastructure (GI) in Liverpool city, United Kingdom. As a result, it is uncertain to realize strategic distribution of GI and partnership building for GI implementation, because the present planning system has no legislative measure to planning GI crossing over local government's boundary. Even as for the local government's level, it becomes the subject of concern how GI is protected and enhanced in the new Local Plan under development. On the other hand, the GI policies were characterized by not only the method to integrating GI provision to general development activities, but also to specify the GI functions in detail by spatial area of the city with the evidence base. However to make GI implementation more feasible it will be a subject to evaluate economic value of GI that the developer can get through protecting and enhancing GI in their development project.

The purpose of this research is to propose direction of regeneration plan in planning perspective for slope forests preservation urban park by identifying how utilization pattern and user satisfaction are influenced by the spatial composition changes which preserves and utilizes park assets that is natural environment of slope area based on regeneration of slope forests preservation urban park. Based on the result of listening research on residents & designers and two rounds of survey on park users & residents' association, regeneration method preserving and utilizing park assets of Slope forests preservation park is considered in planning perspective as following. First of all, Preservation of park assets like slope forests, a regeneration method adding space components to existing park assets such as new facilities which is suitable for users' needs and solution of problems, and a regeneration method intending succession of park assets through restoration of destroyed park assets by establishing facilities are confirmed that affect increase of user satisfaction and park evaluation. Secondly, review on the preservation and utilization method of park assets should be made in the early stages of the regeneration process through a workshop and the result is needed to be reflected in the regeneration plan design.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a progress plan for the future urban park regeneration business from a planning perspective by researching the utilization pattern and the impact of the park satisfaction. The progress plan was made by comparing the before and after space changes of the park regeneration, applying park properties defined as the utilization pattern of spatial feature in the existing park, then finding out the relationship between utilization of the park properties and the user satisfaction for park regeneration.First, space analysis was started by reviewing the before and after regeneration drawings and spot verification of the object place of study, Sho-do no.2. park. Secondly, primary surveys have been conducted confirming visitors' awareness toward park properties. In addition, park evaluations and visitor satisfactionsurveys were administered as secondary surveys. The surveys were based on interviews with local residents, administrator and designer. From the results of our studies, the two regeneration method has been selected. The combination of properties along with improvements on additional spatial feature by space elements, identifying the park's location position by assuming the visitor's utilization pattern have had an effect on preservation and application of park properties and improvement of visitor satisfaction.

本研究は、英国国営宝くじ基金の遺産基金によって運営されているランドスケープパートナーシッププログラムを対象として、その特徴と国土のエリアマネージメントに資する意味について検証した。その結果、1）ランドスケープをキー概念とした地域再生のための補助事業が制度化され、その効果が社会的に認知され、財政支援の規模が拡大中であること。2）事業推進の前提として、地域のランドスケープ特性に基づくエリアが設定されている必要と重要性。3）公と私のみならず、私と私のパートナーシップが重要であり、それらを推進する能力と人脈を備えたマネージャーの存在が必須であること。4）既定のランドスケープ特性エリアに基づくものの、具体のマネージメント方針はパートナー間の議論を通じて、明確な方針が決定され、それを議論すること自体がパートナーシップ醸成の重要なプロセスになっていること等を明らかにした。

本研究は公園再整備前後の空間構成の変化が利用者の利用形態及び満足度に与える影響について調べ、再整備による効果及び影響を明らかにするこどで、今後の公園再整備における計画論的な知見を得ることを目的として研究を進んだ。その結果、両公園は再整備前と比べ、頻繁に，長い時間利用され，満足度も向上したことが確認できた。花畑公園は空間機能の限定性高めるゾーニングによる施設の拡充と共に植栽の保護が行われた。一方、五丁田公園は広場の設置による部分的な施設の拡充や植栽の整理が主に行われた。この結果から、両公園は公園に対する要望や問題の解決のため，異なる方向性の設計の意図を有し，空間構成を変化させ，公園の利用の促進や公園に対する満足度の向上に有効な影響を及ぼし，再整備の課題や目的が達成されたと考えられる。

This study aimed at acquiring planning knowledge and opinions on future parks regeneration; by conducting research on how urban small park regeneration affects utilization patterns and visitor&rsquo;s satisfaction levels before and after regeneration. As a result, higher levels of satisfaction and time spent in both parks after regeneration were noticed compared to the parks before regeneration. Hanahata Park regeneration, focused on expanding facilities and tree preservation, with zoning that emphasized limitation in space organization. In contrast, Gochoda Park regeneration, focused on expanding facilities and arranging trees, with zoning that expanded space through construction of a square without any limitation. Although these two parks have different design objectives, the purpose of regeneration and demands by local residents have been achieved in both parks, and problems that existed in the parks solved with improved satisfaction and promotion of visitation through changing space organization. In addition, we conclude that a balance of the two opposing views; expanding facilities and preservation of resources is significant for urban small park regeneration in the future.

本調査は，東京都が2001年から義務化している屋上緑化に対し，約10年が経過した現時点での屋上緑化施設の実態を把握することを目的とする。調査対象は東京都内で義務化によって屋上緑化を行ない10 年が経過した建物の中から選定した。そして，植物の状況，管理の程度，利用現況などの現場調査と管理者に対してヒアリング調査を行った。その結果，潅水方法，利用目的，基盤構成などで現状の違いが見えた。

近年，都市公園が抱える問題を解決し, 地域住民のニーズに応じるために公園の再整備計画が多くの自治体で行われている。そこで，本研究は都市公園の再整備事例として東京都足立区の花畑公園と五丁田公園の空間構成の変化を確認し，公園利用者を対象にアンケート調査を行い，再整備前後の利用形態や満足度を把握した。再整備前後の空間特性の変化を分析し，利用特性の変化とその要因を明かにすることで, 公園再整備による効果及び影響に関する考察を行った。

In the historical literature, there are a lot of phrases about the landscape which are described beautifully and excellently.They are not the explanation about the landscape but the Yijing which include the author's sense and feeling.Yijing is the fusion of the feeling and the landscapes. The reveal of the mechanism of the fusion of Yijing is inorder to show the relationship between the Yijing and the spatial elements. The novel titled "a Dream of Red Mansions"is taken as the case of the study. It was made clear that the Yijing was united with various assortment of yi(意) and jing (境) and affected by different types of spatial elements of landscape in a garden. Yijing shall beunderstood in a manner which most appropriate feeling can be obtained under the most suitable condition betweenthem.

近代化の中で都市の巨大化や市街地の拡大により自然環境が失われ、緑地環境に対する関心が高まるにつれ、都市部では様々な緑地環境が形成されてきた。その中でも19世紀アメリカのパークシステムを出発点とする緑のネットワーク手法は緑地を面的、線的に連結させる整備手法であり、都市計画の手法として展開されてきた側面をもつ。20世紀に入って緑のネットワーク手法は日本でも環境対策、または都市構造計画概念として都市計画やまちづくりの中で活かされてきた。特に団地計画、ニュータウン計画での緑地計画という形で実現されるケースが多い。本研究では、緑のネットワークが整備された居住地区において住民の意識調査を行い、緑地環境に対する住民の満足度とその評価構造を明らかにした。また、そのことを通じて、住民の緑地環境に対する評価における共通する要因の抽出及び評価に対する緑のネットワークの存在の影響の可能性について考察した。

Green Networks (GN) are used especially in collective residential developments and new town planning. There are many research studies on GN, but a large number of them are focused only on its ecological benefits, being most of them study cases from overseas. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate residential areas with green networks and to see their effects. In this research we selected three study areas and carried out a survey with questionnaires in order to obtain data about the characteristics and evaluation of green areas. The factor analysis and regression analysis were utilized to analyze more in depth the results obtained from the questionnaires. The influence of the green networks to the evaluate environment of green areas by dwellers were make cleared.

日本において「景観法」が制定されたのが2004年6月で、これを機に「屋外広告物法」、「都市緑地保全法」も改正され景観緑三法と呼称されている。都市部の景観や緑を保全・創出するための基礎的な法律であるが、これと比較して韓国の取り組みがどうなっているのかに焦点を当てたのが本研究である。韓国の都市部の景観や緑の保全、創出を目的とした現行の制度は主なもので三つあって、「国土の計画及び利用に関する法律（以後、国土計画法）」、「都市公園及び緑地などに関する法律（以後、公園緑地法）」、「景観法」がそれであり、それぞれは日本の「都市計画法」、「都市緑地法」、「景観法」にほぼ相当する法制である。類似した日本の法律が少なからず影響したことも踏まえ、本研究では韓国の「公園緑地法」と「景観法」の改正、制定における都市の緑・景観の保全・創出に関わる法制度の体系を日本の例と照らし合わせながら分析を行った。

本研究は中国古典山水画を研究対象としてその中に景観どのように表現されているか明らかに目的とした。山水画の中の園林の三つ要素植物、建物、水を抽出して分析した。その三つ要素を合わせて、竹は植物の代表として分類基準として、四つの空間表現タイプを見られました。その四つの空間表現タイプを代表画を分析して考察した。この中国山水画の空間表現、特に竹は植物の代表として建物、水との景観組合は現代の景観デザインの参考にも役に立つと考えられる。

中国古典園林の特徴として「意境」の存在が挙げられる。意境とは，主観的な感情や理念である｢意｣と，客観的な事実や景観・物である「境」が，文学・絵画・園林など芸術創作活動において強く融合したものである。中国園林の建築物に掲示・記載されている「扁額」と「対聯」は園林の意境を表現する主要手段である。今回は，中国・蘇州の「拙政園」を研究の対象として，拙政園における扁額と対聯に表現された意境と，拙政園の空間の関係を明らかにすることを研究目的とした。その結果，拙政園の扁額と対聯に表現された意境は詩情画意などを傾向とし，それらは拙政園の空間と密接な関係があることが明らかになった。そしてこの関係の把握こそ拙政園の保存と再生に必要不可欠であることを認識した。

The purpose of this study is to research and clarify the representation of the space of the landscape paintings on bamboo. There are 1608 pieces of paintings of landscape as the Chinese classical original source. The method of the research is to take out the elements from the painting, especially at first the bamboo as the representation of plant and the main factor. And 142 paintings of bamboo were found out in the source. There are three elements of landscape paintings which are the representations of plants, architecture and water. The representations of bamboo are considered to 3 types (Pan, Gun, Rin) and the representations of architecture are considered to 5 types (Mu, Teiken, kan, Tei, En) and the representations of water are considered to 4 types (Mu, Keiryu, Keiryu+suimen, Suimen). According to the basic types of three elements, the 142 paintings of bamboo were classified. Finally the study of 4 types of the representation of the space of the landscape of paintings on bamboo was depended on the three elements, which tells us some information on landscape about bamboo and may give us some advice to the design of landscape.

In Japan, June 2004, the Landscape Law was enacted, together with amendments of the Urban Open Space Conservation Law and the Outdoor Advertisement Law, and these laws are being called Keikan-midori San Pou (the three laws for Landscape and Greenery). This study was conducted to clarify the law system for urban landscape and green space through comparing with the case of Japan. The similar Korean laws are the Urban Parks and Open Spaces Law, Outdoor Advertisement Law, and the Landscape Law. This law system was made under the influences of the Japanese one, but it has some differences too. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the Korean law system for conservation and development of urban green space and landscape, and to analyze the differences from the Japanese system and their reasons. As a result, it was remarkable that in Korea the laws with different establishment process or objective tend to be integrated under the new ideas or aims. While being affected by Japanese low system, the national territory plan and the city planning were integrated, and the open space conservation and the Urban Parks Low were integrated too. In this process, the relationships and hierarchy among related lows have become very clear. It was also characteristic that the Korean low system has the green space area as one of the land use categories and has urban nature park area that was specialized to the aims of urban nature conservation and management.

This study referred the activity of historic parks conservation and renovation by the English Heritage, and got hold of some instructive findings to protect historic parks to the future in Japan. It was the presupposition that the understanding the framework of conservation and renovation of historic parks as a heritage at national level, the result of historic parks registration and grading, and the register criteria and registration process. As a result, it was confirmed some suggestions as follows; i) the comprehensive system for historic parks conservation and renovation in association with national government, local authorities and private charities have been established; ii) the registration activities closely links to the policy making and development control in city planning; iii) the English Heritage has prepared broad and various register criteria and is now challenging to increase the number of the Registration of historic parks to the future; iv) the registration is made possible if it is restored to a former condition; and so on. Above all, it was discussed that we need to establish the registration system of historic parks through expanding existing registration system of tangible cultural properties in Japan.

本研究は，イングリッシュ・ヘリテッジによる歴史的公園の保全活動に着目し，遺産としての歴史的公園の国レベルでの保全・再生の枠組み，歴史的公園の登録と評価の実態，歴史的公園の登録基準及び登録プロセスについて把握することから，今後の日本での歴史的公園の保全に資する知見を得た。具体的に以下の諸点を明らかにした。１）国，地方自治体，民間の慈善団体等と連携した，歴史的公園保全・再生のための包括的なしくみが確立されていること。２）歴史的公園の登録が，都市計画における政策立案や開発規制と密接に連携していること。３）広範かつ多様な登録基準が用意され，現在さらに登録件数を増やすべく努力が続けられていること。４）プランに変更があった場合でも，従前の状態に修復されれば登録は可能であること等々。以上から，日本においては現行の登録文化財制度を拡充する中で，歴史的公園の登録制度を整備していくことが望ましいと結論した。

本研究では国内の植物園72 園の基本属性と展示内容を調査し，それらの植物園の展示空間構成要素を集計･分析した。国内の植物園は1960 年代から大量に設立され，面積10ha 以下の植物園が多いことがわかった。また，園内施設と展示内容の集計により，植物園は多様な展示内容をもち，来園者へのサービスと自然教育の役割を重視していることが分かった。展示空間の構成要素の主成分分析とクラスター分析の結果，国内の植物園の展示空間の構成は自然環境型，展示重視型，レクリエーション型と温室観賞型に分けられ，特徴的な展示空間を持つ植物園が多くみられた。いかに各園の特色を発揮し，国内の植物園の水準を向上させるかが今後の課題となる。

熱帯での熱問題は,屋外活動に影響を与える不快原因と考えられ,緑陰微気象を改善すると快適性が高まると期待される。本研究は熱帯の国インドネシア,ジョグジャカルタを対象とし緑陰地での快適性行動の関係をインタビュー,微気象測定,活動観察を行って分析した。舗装面と非舗装面の日影と快適性評価の関連分析を半球写真と天空率(SVF)の値[全日影(0.0-0.2),一部日影(0.2-0.4),無日影(0.4-0.5)]を主要指標として分析を行った。その結果,無日影舗装面(NS-H)は快適性が低く,緑陰冷却効果による涼/微涼/不暑不寒という感覚からみては高い快適性評価が得られた。

本研究は日本の植物園関連施設の分類状況と展示施設の提供の現状に着目し,日本植物園協会会員を対象としてインターネットで公式サイト検索とアンケートを実施した.その結果,日本の植物園関連施設の設立目的は学術研究型施設,レクリエーション型施設,観光行楽型施設,産業振興型施設及び緑化知識普及型施設,の計5種類に分類できる.この中で,レクリエーション型と観光行楽型が最も多いと見られる.各園は常に展示植物を良い状態で見せられるのは重要だと認めているが,一方で新しい植物展示方法の開発が必要だと考えられる.また,近年日本では国及び地方自治体の財政難のため,国公立園の経営に大きな影響がみられ,植物園の商業的経営又は観光対象としての経営方針が重視され始め,日本の植物園は学術性よりも観光やレクリエーション施設としての意味が強くなりつつあるという傾向が認められた.

本研究では、台北植物園において来園者の利用実態と展示施設評価について調査し、台北植物園リニューアル事業の成果を評価した。その結果、台北植物園の来園者属性では平日と休日で差があり、主要な利用形態は散歩･運動であった。来園者の利用評価では施設等のハードの部分は好評を得たが、解説施設の内容等ソフトの部分の評価は低かった。今回のリニューアル事業は設備や建築物の整備を重視し、同事業は成功したといえるが、「解説システムの改善」と「管理頻度と方針の検討」という二つの課題が残った。「来園者の要望への対応」、「環境施設の整備と管理方針の改善」と「解説システムの充実」の三点は台北植物園の展示の質の向上に資する要因であることが明らかになった。

The new Framework Act on National Territory and the Act on Planning and Use of National Territory were established in South Korea, 2003, and through this a drastic change has been brought to the scene of national planning. The remarkable points are that the whole national territory was targeted by the planning; the inter-relationship among any number of plans or acts were made clear; and conservation and landscape point of view are being stressed in a planning process. It can be valued that the new acts enabled a planning system to cover and control whole national territory, but the effectiveness of the new acts should be monitored and reviewed in the future. On the other hand, through comparing new Korean act system with the Japanese one we pointed out that while the Landscape Act, which is legislated and managed by plural government offices, was enacted this year, the Japanese act system is still in the stage of partial development control. National visions with consideration to environment and landscape, and the framework for coordinating a local level planning and land use should be prepared in future Japan.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the intension of the establishment of hiyokechi, a fire-break open spaces of Edo Town, through actually evaluating the function for fire prevention and its movement of them in a time series. As a result, it was confirmed that the followings. Most of fire-break open spaces of Edo town have enough efficiency for preventing a fire at the fist stage. Among these open spaces, especially the ones connecting with canals or waters have enough efficiency for large-scale fire prevention. And the functions for fire prevention of the fire-break open spaces of An-ei period are most efficient and they tend to continue to exist afterwards. Therefore, one may say that the previous related studies result that the understanding to the fire-break open spaces function for fire prevention was established in this period was also supported in the aspect of spatial function. However the fire-break open spaces with enough efficiency for fire prevention are restricted to establish at the places for preventing spreading fire to Edo castle. It was substantiated that the intension of the establishment of the fire-break open spaces in An-ei and An-sei periods had been specialized to the purpose to prevent the spreading fire to Edo castle.

There have been many residents who want to live in super-high rise buildings from where wonderful birds eye vies could be enjoyed. They may intend to have quite new landscape experiences from their rooms, and this would initiate the demand of constructing more high rise buildings for residential use.This study reffere to the tendency of residents' preference of green spaces through analysis of landscape attitude of residents through evaluation of landscape values of green space seen from their own rooms in the said building. Research was conducted in the site of new development project of JHDC in Minatoku, Tokyo. The results may indicate that the values of green spaces should be evaluated by the degree of landscape preference in relation to the expectation of green spaces as sources of new urban landscapes and object of bird eye view experiences from inside the rooms. The height of rooms would be thought as key factors of sense of satisfaction to the landscape and green spaces to bee seen from the high rise rooms.When residents live in the room from where valuable parks and green spaces, they may satisfy the quality of green space and that would attract them to go to the green space and enjoy the environment there. The degree of looking down angle, 10 may degree in this case was considered as critical.