桐谷 佳惠

We proposed a simple self-disclosure game to facilitate communication between strangers and examined its effectiveness. The game involved a quiz format with five or six players. Each player was quizzed on a pre-arranged theme about themselves, and the other players took turns guessing the answers. We tested four different conditions based on two factors, "individual match" or "team match" and "simple rule" or "complex rule," to determine which conditions were the most effective. All experiments were carried out online, and participants were asked to conceal their faces, which is not an ideal situation for icebreaker games. As a result, the participants enjoyed the game in all conditions, easily communicating or collaborating with others to find the answers. The basic game rules were effective, and the team system and the complexity did not have a significant impact on the game's effectiveness. We found the game an effective icebreaker because it allowed participants to easily start and continue conversations without awkward silences.

本研究では，東京都墨田区のコロナワクチン接種の仮設空間用サインシステムの一例として，会場用にデザインしたサインシステムの利用者評価を行った。仮設空間のサインシステムは，一般的な空間と違い，限られた日程で空間を構成するため，空間とプロセスについて情報をサインデザインの中に適切に配置し，利用者に伝える必要がある。そのため，接種会場の利用者には，ペーパーファイル，壁のパネル，床の経路テープをサインシステムとして提供，配置した。利用者評価の結果，60代以上のような特定の利用者には，空間とプロセスの全体情報伝えるペーパーファイル（インフォメーション・サイン・システム）が接種を行うためには役立つことなどがわかった。この結果は，今後仮設空間にサインシステムを構成する際，設置方法や製作の参考になると期待される。

<p>As a method of makeup, Japanese women prefer similar colors to their skin. This study aims to clarify this statement, using the perceptual illusion of makeup, and to establish whether the statement is biased by women's exposure to the method. A preliminary survey showed that only the Japanese female participants were aware of the similar-color method, and preferred similar colors to their complexions. The primary experiment tested the evaluation, by Japanese and Chinese in their 20s, male and female participants, of a yellowish face, with various shades of lipstick, as "beautiful," "natural," a "ruddy complexion" or "acceptable." All participant groups agreed that orange to red-pink lipsticks, result in a ruddy complexion. These colors were appreciated, by Japanese and Chinese men and Chinese women, as beautiful, natural and acceptable. However, Japanese women rated orangish lipstick the highest, in these three measures. Therefore, the judgement of makeup is a behavior that is determined and learned, based on past experience.</p>

<p>The present study examined the aesthetic appeal of the obese female body, considering neck shapes and body flame. In a first preliminary experiment, these two factors did not significantly influence the apparent slimming effect, but the V-neckline was regularly evaluated as "beautiful." In a second preliminary experiment, the shape of the shoulders (sloping and square) and the degree of the V-neckline on nice looking-ness were examined. The female participants preferred the sloping shoulders with a medium V-neckline, while the male participants' results were mixed. The main experiment involved only female participants and confirmed that there was an inverted U shape relation between the degree of the V-neckline and the good looking-ness of sloping shoulders. This relation suggested that the cut of clothes contacting to the body or the way to expose body was crucial for the aesthetic appeal of the female body.</p>

<p>Interest in "event consumption" has recently been increasing in Japan; accordingly, we propose a realization of a storytelling method. This paper reports a case study combining a story with a store. We focused on the degree of similarity of their images and combined a story and a store whose images were generally similar but different in detail. After evaluating images of stories and stores, principal component analysis yielded a comprehensive index and a particular one. We then combined a bookstore and a fantasy story, and then created and posted a concrete story structure on a website. Two experiments show that our proposal site gave participants the impression of an interesting, novel, and original experience that aroused an urge to visit this specific bookstore above ordinary bookstores. Thus, experiences organized as a story in a store could leave visitors with a positive impression through such a combination.</p>

Amodal completion has various functional effects, including an apparent slimming effect achieved by clothes. Local and global completion factors have been examined in previous studies, which also apply to the apparent slimming effect. Exposed parts of the body constitute the local factor at the junction area, while the shape or cut of the clothes is concerned with the whole configuration. This study investigated which is more important, the local or whole factors, for amodal completion in relation to the apparent slimming effect using drawings as stimuli. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of the length and cut of a skirt. The length of the skirt corresponds to the local factor of the body, that is, the legs, because the exposed parts of the legs depend on skirt length (assuming a person of consistent height). We found that skirts' cut influenced their effect more than their length did. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that the vertical form of clothes affects slimming by hiding thicker parts of the body and highlighting thinner parts. A supplemental experiment using geometrical figures suggested that the apparent slimming effect of clothes might occur only in the human body configuration.

This study determines whether perceptions of changes in facial complexions as a result of the use of colored eye shadow differ depending on the genders of the observers. Ten male and ten female students participated in this investigation. Five faces, each wearing different color eye shadow, and a face without eye shadow were presented together, and participants were asked to rank the six faces in order of ruddiness, yellowness, and the beauty of the makeup. We consequently found that the correlation between male and female participants concerning the beauty scores was not very high. Meanwhile, there were slight differences between the sexes in terms of the evaluations of face color, but these could be explained by the sexes' different judgment backgrounds. Our results suggest that the judgment of complexion might not be merely a perceptual task, and that analysis on this topic should be performed with the sexes separately.

Makeup can change facial complexion, making it of interest both practically and for empirical research on perception. We examined the assimilation effect of eye shadow on complexion using two series of eye shadows: typical colors that are not evenly saturated and colors with saturation as even as possible. Twenty participants assessed the degree of redness in reddish faces, yellowness in yellowish faces, and lightness in both faces via paired comparisons. The results indicated that: (a) the reddish face was perceived as redder when it had eye shadow of pinkish and purplish colors or reddish saturated colors instead of containing yellowish components; (b) the yellowish face became less yellow with colors without a greenish or yellowish component; and (c) except for the lighter yellowish shade, eye shadow made the face perceptually darker. We confirmed the assimilation effect of eye shadow on complexion and showed differences in perceptual hue change according to the original face colors.

<p>Point makeup perceptually affects overall facial color; for example, it takes on the tinge of the eye shadow color. This study preliminarily confirmed the assimilation effect by lipstick colors and the relationship between perceptual and esthetic measures. Four typical lipstick colors, red, pink, orange, and violet, were utilized. An averaged face varied based on two factors, lightness (lighter and darker) and hue (reddish and yellowish), was examined. Twenty-four females assessed the faces in terms of perceptual hue (redness for the reddish faces and yellowness for the yellowish faces), perceptual lightness, dullness, and looking-goodness via paired comparisons. Consequently, an assimilation effect of lipstick's hue on perceptual complexion was confirmed. However, a perceptual change in lightness could not be explained by assimilation or contrast; the redness of lipsticks enhanced the perceptual lightness of complexion. Dullness negatively correlated not only with perceptual lightness but also with perceptual redness of faces and physical redness of lipsticks. Looking-goodness clearly correlated with perceptual redness of faces and each lipstick color had its own effect.</p>

Although it is generally said that the makeup color that best fits facial skin should be of the same type of color, professional makeup artists sometimes use the opponent color to emphasize the beauty of skin color. The present study demonstrated how the colors of eye shadow changed perception of redness or yellowness in the face. Three face colors, neutral, reddish, and yellowish, and 7 typical colors of eye shadow covering all hues were examined. The brightness of the faces was fairly high. Sixteen female students compared the color of faces and ellipses to evaluate their redness and yellowness. Serial and simultaneous presentation of the face and ellipse were implemented. The results showed that only some reddish eye shadows, like red, pink, or purple, enhanced the redness of reddish as well as yellowish faces in the serial presentation of face and ellipses. Examination of the chromaticness index of the colors that had a significant effect of color induction revealed that the colors with high positive values of a* and medium positive values of b* showed an assimilation effect in complexion.

The purpose of study was to reveal the relation between users life style and their preference for the packages of organic soy sauce, using data mining techniques. Fifty-six adults in their 20s to 60s answered about the life style and judged whether they wanted to buy representative samples of the current market. As a result, independently of the purchase frequency of organic foods, all participants liked the luxury ornamental package. On the other hand, there were some samples showing the contrast of preference between the core users and not-buy people. A decision tree analysis and a market basket analysis revealed rules to show who wanted to buy the samples. It was the package using green color as a code of organic foods that people who pay attention to package design wanted to buy. The package for next purchasers, that for housekeepers, and that for knowledgeable individuals were also revealed. The present study revealed 6 suggestions for new package design of the organic soy sauces.

We proposed the visualization of relations among words to solve small display in electronic dictionaries and to memorize new words. WordNetR is an English lexical database by Princeton University, literally presenting relation of words. We confirmed the learning effect of visualized WordNet (VWN) comparing to the current electronic dictionary, using 36 Japanese students. Results showed that there were no differences in ratios of correct answers between of the VWN and of the current dictionary, but that in the 1-week-after test the ratio of correct answers was significantly higher in learning with our proposal. The result of a questionnaire revealed that learners who considered the VWN as suitable to study tended to get higher scores in both tests. Interviews revealed its inexperience but a possibility for long-term learning. Despite of the unfamiliarity, our proposal showed certain learning effect. The visualization of relation among words is a new displaying style to solve the small display.

The purpose of study was to confirm whether nonnative readers of Japanese spontaneously pay attention to written Japanese in a simulation of signpost recognition. Twenty-three nonnative Japanese participants performed recognition test of place names expressed both in Japanese Kanji and in alphabetic expression. In some trials, the alphabetic expression did not correspond to Japanese, so that the participants should have looked at also Japanese Kanji to correctly respond to the test. Results showed that there were only 5 participants who could not completely look at Japanese Kanji. Sixty-five percent of participants could respond to at least one written Japanese Kanji over chance level. Visibility of Japanese Kanji in signposts would be important not only for Japanese but also for nonnative Japanese.

The present study proposed a PC time management tool for university students and considered the visualization of information from a point of view of communication design. From literature review, student interview and trial use of current PC time management tools we derived 3 design concepts; 1) Using their free time, students can improve their time management ability, 2) students can separate and displayed their plans, and 3) students can easily browse and input the plans. The proposal had 2 innovations about the visualization: displaying free time in a day and setting the timetable of class as core schedule. Five experiments examined the prototypes and revealed modification points. In conclusion, to make students aware of time management, the tool should have following features; 1) the free time in a day is presented in a pie chart, 2) the school plans are separated from the private plans and presented in a different window, and 3) the countdown window announces the important schedules.

本研究は,文字レイアウトの第一印象を測るために,無意味綴りを用いる方法を提案した。実験1では,A4紙面上の文字量と配置を系統的に変化させ,無意味綴りで埋めたレイアウトで読みやすさを測った。実験2では,実験1のレイアウトに通常の文章を入れて同様の評価をした。その結果,読前の読みやすさの評価と,読後の読みやすさの評価は一致した。実験3では,図形で埋めたレイアウトの評価を行い,さらに3種のレイアウトの印象評価を比較した。その結果,高い評価を受けるレイアウトは,内容が読める時に,無意味綴りや図形刺激より総じて印象が良くなったが,つまった感じを与えた。評価が低くなると,文字さえ入っていれば,読めても読めなくても,似たような印象になることが示されたが,図形レイアウトの印象は過大評価となった。これより,挿入文章が未完の段階でも,無意味綴りを用いれば,読後のレイアウト評価が可能なことも示された。

本研究では,ウェブでのアフォーダンスを「仮想空間(ウェブ上)でのデジタル情報がユーザーに提供するもの」と定義する。アフォーダンスは,インターネットショッピングにおける消費者の情報探索の手がかりとして働き,購買行為を支える。本研究は,インターネットショッピングにおける情報探索時のアフォーダンスを把握することを目的としている。そのため,ウェブでの買い物行動実験を行ない,プロトコル分析を用いて解釈した。その結果,10項目の要因を抽出することができた。さらに,ウェブアフォーダンスを,「使用性のアフォーダンス」「情報探索のアフォーダンス」の2つに区分した。抽出した10項目のなかで「操作方法」「サイト構成」「ページ評価」の3つが,使用性のアフォーダンスに関するものであった。「商品情報提示方法」「商品属性」「商品への関心」「商品との関与」「商品の付随的条件」「商品にとの関与」「他人の評価」の7つは情報探索のアフォーダンスに関するもの,と分類することができた。

本研究では,日本に在住している外国人にどのような方法で行政機関から災害の情報提供がなされているのか調査を行った。まず,日本全国都道府県と政令指定都市に対し,質問紙調査を行った。次に,提供されている情報媒体を対象とし,分類,検討を加えた。その結果,災害情報の提供方法としては,大部分の地域で印刷物やホームページを利用して提供していることがわかった。そして,それらは,主に,英語,中国語,韓国語,スペイン語,ポルトカル語に翻訳して情報を提供していた。提供媒体の分類については,最も多く利用されていた印刷物・ホームページを中心に分析を行った。まず,各自治体において印刷物・ホームページによって提供されている災害情報に関する内容の分類およびデザインの分類を行った。分類の結果,帰宅対策はあまり提供されていなかった,避難所については印刷媒体に比べてホームページを利用して情報が提供されていた,デザイン面の分類については,印刷媒体は多言語と文字・イラストでほとんど提供しているが,ホームページでは,言語は1ヵ国語で,テキストのみ提供していることがわかった。

日本は世界で有名数の地震多発地帯にある.2005年1月1日を起点として,今後30年以内に震度6弱もしくは震度5弱以上の揺れに見舞われる確率も高い.そこで,本研究は日本に住んでいる外国人の災害に関する情報の伝達状況などを把握し,実際にどのような支援が必要かを知ることにより,災害時に必要な情報と問題点を調査した.その結果,在住外国人は災害について,具体的な災害の知識はもっているが実際の対策はあまり行っていないことが明らかになった.災害が発生した場合や発生の恐れがある場合,正確な情報を得ることが防災や減災を図るために非常に重要である.しかし,在住外国人は日本語によるコミュニケーションが十分にできないことが多いため,情報提供に関し、外国人への災害防災教育等の様々な提案が必要であることが示唆された.

地図型情報板における地図部分は,情報を瞬時かつ的確に伝達するための基本要素である。従来,地図製作はデザイナーの感覚に委ねられていたため,場合によって見やすさが考慮されていない事例もあった。また,製作の度に熟慮する必要があるため,工数が増大し,本来必要な地図毎の個別のデザインに充分な時間を割けない問題もあった。本論文はこの問題を解決する地図デザインの製作手順について述べる。これは誰もが短時間で同様な高次元のデザイン地図を製作可能とするものである。この手順はさまざまな分野から有効と考えられるものを条件として抽出し,これを実現する手法を吟味選択する事で実現した。この中にはデザイナーの経験知も含まれる。実現の具体的な手法には画像処理の分野における平滑化処理・細線化処理,路線の移動・変形を実現する手段として白地図作成における転位手法に着目した。本手順を実際の道路地図に試行し,見やすさやデザイン性および製作効率について調査し,本手順の有用性を確認した。

本研究は、首都高速道路案内標識デザイン提案の一環で行われたフルスケールでのフォント視認性測定実験である。使用フォントは新ゴMとVialogLT Mで、「永環」、「Cerija」、「B08」の文字列を対象にした。和文の文字高は、500、450、400、350、300mm、アルファベットと英数は400、350、300、250、200mmの５段階に変化させた。距離は、「おそらくこうであろう」と思ったところ（視認性判断）と、「確実に文字が読めた」ところ（認知度判断）の２カ所を測定した。結果として、視認性判断の距離は認知度判断の距離より、どの条件でも有意に大きくなったが、約半数の実験参加者が、視認性判断では間違った文字列を報告した。また、和文500mmと450mmでは、どちらの判断距離も有意な差が出なかった。アルファベットは和文より視認距離が大きく、和文の約70%の文字高で和文と同程度の視認・認知距離を得られることがわかった。さらに、視認性測定の意味など、方法論上の問題も議論された。

商品購入時のパッケージデザインの重要性をふまえ、ユーザ印象を考慮した日本酒のラベルデザインのあり方を検討するための基礎資料として、日本酒のパッケージの印象評価を行った。まず、13色の瓶の印象評価及び因子分析を行い、ユーザが瓶色に対して何らかのイメージを抱く事を確認した。次に、現行ラベルデザイン14種を6色の瓶と組み合わせ、それらの印象を評価させた。その結果、熟成感、濃淡感、嗜好性の因子が抽出された。ラベル自体の熟成感には色(彩度)、濃淡感には色(色相)と用いられるグラフィックの量、嗜好性には高級感を演出する金などの色や誘目性の高いレイアウトが効果的であることがわかった。そしてラベルの印象は、それが貼られる瓶の色によって大きく変化した。特に嗜好性は、瓶とラベルに使用されている色の統一感、色相差、明度差、色数によって大きく変わった。

本研究の目的は、ストライプを模様として見た時とその柄のスカート着用時の印象の差、さらにはストライプ構成要素が印象に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである。まずはファッション誌に掲載されているストライプ柄の衣服を185点抽出してデザイン傾向を分析し、16サンプルを得た。次に、模様のみとスカート着用写真の刺激をそれぞれ用意し、20代の男女を対象とし、印象評価を行った。その結果、厳粛さ、斬新さ、軽快さの3つの観点からストライプの印象が記述できた。厳粛さは、柄とスカート着用の印象差が少ないが、斬新さと軽快さには違いのあるパターンもあった。さらに、厳粛さはストライプの様々な要素が相互作用的に働き合って印象を決めていた。幅の狭いストライプは模様としては斬新だが、スカート着用時には太い方が斬新に見え、色数も影響した。模様としての軽快さは様々な要素が影響したが、スカート着用時の軽快さの印象は色のみで決まっていた。

商品購入時のパッケージデザインの重要性をふまえ、日本酒のパッケージデザインのあり方を考察するため、まず本研究では、日本酒ラベルの現状を探った。日本酒ラベルのデザイナーのインタビューからは、1)デザイナーと蔵元との間のイメージの不一致、2)吟醸酒などのクラスを意識したデザインがされていない、3)蔵元の保守的傾向、が問題点として上がった。そして、現行の日本酒ラベル689点に加え、20年前の日本酒ラベル245点、瓶などの形状が日本酒に似た焼酎と泡盛から、それぞれ207点、113点のラベルを収集し、デザインを分析した。その結果、クラス別に差別化が行われているとは言いがたいが、多少の傾向の違いはみられた。数量化理論剛類の結果から、現行ラベルは「単純一複雑」、「調和一独立」の観点から記述できる事がわかった。そして、過去のデザインの特徴と合わせて考えると、複雑で独立的なデザインから、調和あるいは単純な方向への2つのデザイン潮流も見いだされた。

災害時や渋滞時には、交通情報を可変的に表示できる情報板が必要となる。本研究は、現状の高解像度LED式道路交通情報板の半数以下のLED数で迂回路を表示できる可変情報板のデザイン指標を得ることを目的としている。具体的には、地図構成要素の形状と色彩に関する指標である。直交表による実験計画法を用いて、「表示板の見やすさ」、「迂回路表示のわかりやすさ」など、表示板の見やすい表現を模索し, デザイン要件を決定した。その結果、道路形状、迂回路形状と表示方式、地名表示、ルートマーク、現在地表示、文字表示の仕方、文字や道路及び背景の色彩、などについての基本指標が明らかになった。本研究から得られたデザイン指標は、新しい道路情報提供を実現する情報板作成に貢献し、従来よりも低コストの可変情報板作成の可能性を示すものとなる。

The present research aims to confirm the difference of color impressions of lipsticks and eye shadows in three media, actual faces, illustration, and color papers. Four colors of lipsticks and five colors of eye shadows were examined.Participants of experiments were 15 male and 15 female undergraduate students. As a result, overall impression was determined by lipstick colors in the face condition, but the impression depended on eye shadows colors both in the illustration condition and in the color paper condition. Red lipsticks were evaluated as gorgeous only in the face condition. Regardless of media, consistent impression of elegance of eye shadows was obtained. Although both male and female students had generally similar impressions, the difference of sensitivity to the cosmetics was showed. In conclusion, cosmetics colors were affected by the solid face and, in particular, the impression of the colors of lipsticks differed from medium to medium.

Shading is one of the typical depth cues generally used in letter illustrations and designs. Among the various kinds of shading directions, we humans are most familiar with shading in the right-bottom direction. In the present study, we investigated the perceptual effects of the shading directions using letters of alphabets as stimuli. In Experiment 1, we used 26 capital letters and 4 geometric figures in the six shading directions, which means that there were 180 conditions (i. e., (26 letters +4 figures) ×6 shading directions). For each condition, we measured the reaction times for perceiving the stimulus. The results indicated that it takes longer for subjects to recognize simple letters and figures. In Experiment 2, we focused on preferences and readabilities of the stimuli, using eight capital letters in four shading conditions. As the results, we found that the right bottom shading was evaluated as the highest (i. e., the most beautiful, positive, and readable). It is plausible that the results are related to our familiarities with the right bottom shading.

The figure-ground articulation in three-dimensional space, which is a concept adopted in the space design, was psychologically examined. We defined the figural space as the inside and the ground space as its surrounding. The subject peeped into the box through a window and judged the insideness/outsideness of the space and the belonging of the wall in front. As results, the subjects felt the outsideness when they saw the wall considerably projecting out to them. A further examination revealed that the continuity, in color as well as in shape, of walls in the room was also important. Some differences between the classical articulation and this phenomenon were shown.

In the present study, the effects of relative size of inducers and of the visual angle on the perception of anomalous surfaces were investigated under the conditions in which the size of inducers, the separation between inducers, and the viewing distance were varied. It was found that the viewing distance (and thus the retinal size of the patterns) did not affect significantly the clarity of the anomalous surfaces. Interestingly, the clarity of anomalous squares was increased by increasing the proportion of the size of inducers to their separation. This suggests that the Gestalt factor of closure plays an important role in the occurrence of anomalous surfaces.