寺内 文雄

In this study, to clarify factors related to impression evaluation of decorative films, we focused on spectral radiance ratio characteristics and attempted to clarify the relationship between these characteristics and impression evaluation. As a result, two characteristics: the "wavelength-dependent type", in which the spectral radiance ratio characteristic varies significantly with the magnitude of the wavelength, and the "angle-dependent type", in which it varies significantly with the angle of measurement, are each related to impression evaluation, such as depth perception. The former feature can be expressed as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the spectral radiance ratio at highlights and was found to be related to saturation. On the other hand, the latter feature can be expressed by the difference between the maximum values of the spectral radiance ratios for semi-shades and shades, and was shown to be related to the difference in their luminance. Thus, the impression of the decorative film can be expressed by the spectral radiance ratio.

Previous studies have reported that depth perception is a major factor in the visual impression evaluation of various materials, such as wood and metal, and that the spectral radiance ratio may be involved in the depth perception evaluation of red materials. In this study, we focused on decorative films, that have been widely used in products in recent years and investigated the influence of their transparent layers and color on the spectral radiance ratio. As a result, it was confirmed that the thickness of the transparent layer on the surface of most decorative films has almost no effect on the spectral radiance ratio. It was also found that the spectral radiance ratio can be expressed in various colors, such as red, green, and blue. Furthermore, it was shown that the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the spectral radiance ratio under the highlight, which is close to the specular reflection light from the decorative films, has a high correlation with saturation and is related to impression evaluation.

本研究では、赤色系内装材 テクスチャにおける奥行き感評価に影響を及ぼす物理特性を明らかにするため，分光反射率の測定実験を実施した．実験では，計測角度の差異を考慮し，正反射光に対して各測定角15°，45°，110°のハイライト，セミシェード，シェードの３角度で測定した． また，その測定データと過去の研究で得た奥行き感評価との対応関係を分析した．<br> その結果，ハイライトにおける分光反射率の最大値と最小値の差分やセミシェードとシェードにおける分光反射率の各最大値の差分が，奥行き感評価に関与することが示された．このことから，複数の計測角度による評価が赤色系内装材テクスチャの奥行き感評価に影響する可能性が示唆された．以上により，今後の赤色系内装材テクスチャ開発における評価の一助となりうる知見を述べた．

本稿では，タケの構成要素である表皮，維管束，柔組織それぞれの部位を異なる色で染色した場合の印象変化と，各部位と色が生じる印象変化の検討を行った。まず，赤色，青色，緑色の３色の染料を用い，タケの各構成要素をそれぞれ染色してサンプルの制作を行った。次に，被験者実験による染色竹材の印象評価を行い，得られた結果に因子分析を実施した。その結果タケの各構成要素を複数の色で染め分けた竹材は，それらの活動性因子と評価性因子の印象が大きく変化することが確認できた。最後に，サンプルの各構成要素の測色値と活動性・評価性因子の得点を用いて重回帰分析を行った。これにより活動性因子の印象には表皮と柔組織の明度，柔組織の色相が，評価性因子の印象には維管束と表皮の色相が大きな影響を及ぼしていることが明らかになった。

本稿は，竹材が有する魅力を色やテクスチャから生じる感性価値の観点から捉え直し，その活用可能性を述べている。具体的には，竹材が有する構造的な特徴に着目し，その主たる構成要素である表皮層，維管束，柔組織を染め分けることで，竹材の印象を変化させることを試みた。まずタケの各構成要素を染め分けるために，４種類の染料と３種類の染色方法を用いた染色実験を行った。その結果，染料と染色方法を組み合わせることで，竹材の表皮のみ，維管束のみ，表皮を除いた部分すべて，すべての構成要素を染め分けられることを確認できた。次に，染色された竹材の印象を明らかにするために，前述した染色竹材４種類に染色していないものを加えた計５種を対象として，被験者により抽出した印象評価語との対応関係を数量化理論Ⅲ類を用いて分析した。染色する構成要素により「明瞭さ・派手さ・人工感」の印象が大きく異なることが確認できた。以上より，染色竹材の活用可能性が示唆された。

本研究では，シリコーン樹脂とフィラー（充填材）の複合によるテクスチャ表現を試みた。まず，フィラーを複合したプラスチックの質感を評価するために，質感評価語の抽出と選定を行った。そしてサンプルを作製し，その質感について評価実験を行った。最後に，サンプルと質感評価語の対応関係を検討した。その結果，シリコーン樹脂とフィラーの複合による様々なテクスチャ表現を実現できた。また，視覚情報のみの場合と視覚・触覚併用の場合における質感の評価構造には大きな違いがあることが確認できた。視覚情報のみではフィラーの透過度と大きさが重要な質感の評価項目となるのに対して，視覚・触覚併用では，重量感や硬軟感と粗滑感が質感評価の要因となることが確認できた。

本論文では，ロシア連邦サハ共和国で演奏されている伝統的な口琴であるKhomusとイタリア共和国シチリア島で演奏されているMarranzanuと呼ばれる口琴の2つをサンプルとして，これらの形態的な特徴，音響的な特徴，社会的な特徴の3つの側面から比較を行った. 形態的な特徴において両者を比較すると，Khomusの弁には均一な角度でエッジ加工が施されており，Marranzanuの弁にはエッジができるような加工は施されていないことが確認された. 音響的な特徴の比較では，自己相関関数の違いからそれぞれの周波数構造に着目し，一方が奇数倍音を多く含む矩形波に近い構造，他方が整数倍音を多く含むノコギリ波に近い構造をしていることを明らかにした. これは,音による印象そのものに影響を与えうるファクターであり，音に対する印象評価を行った先の研究と照らし合わせて考えると，特に「活発性因子」において大きな差があることわかった. 社会的な扱われ方の違いについては，それぞれの国での演奏されるシーンや，催事などの有無といった点から民族的な意味合いを強く持ったKhomusと民俗的な意味合いを強く持ったMarranzanuであると解釈することができた.

本論文では，口琴とよばれる楽器をサンプルとして用い，その音による印象と口琴のもつ形態的な特徴の関係を考察した.実験では，まず25 種の口琴が持つ形態的な特徴を抽出し，その特徴の有無を元として，これを数量化Ⅲ類によって構造化した. その後，各口琴の音に対する印象傾向を因子分析によって分析した. その結果，口琴の音による印象は「活発性因子」「評価性因子」「存在感因子」の３因子で説明できることが明らかとなった. その後，各口琴の数量化Ⅲ類によるサンプルスコアの値と因子分析によって得られた因子得点の相関係数を求めた.数量化Ⅲ類によって示されたⅠ軸は,「加工技術軸」であると読み取ることができ，数量化Ⅲ類で得られた「加工技術軸」と，因子分析で得られた「評価性因子」との間に正の相関があることを確認した. 結論として口琴の加工技術が高く，口琴を構成する細部の形状が緻密であるほど，その音は味わい深く，情緒性の高いものであると示唆された.

The demand of wood is increasing, but the supply is limited, on the contrary, there are amount of potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from thinning of teak plantations that could contribute to meet this demand. During the time from planting until harvesting (rotation age), a number of young teak trees, which comprise mostly sapwood, are felled regularly due to the thinning to stimulate the better growth of the remaining teak trees in the plantations. There are at least 1.2 million hectares of teak plantations in Java, Indonesia, and 3.146 million hectares in other countries. In one of the teak plantations, for 1 hectare with the average site quality and the rotation age of 40 years, from 1,769 5-year-old teak trees will be felled regularly during the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at harvesting. From this study, consider the significant amount of young teaks from the thinning is available, it is necessary to utilize these potential material become suitable products by taking the advantage of its properties and prominent characteristics, e.g. border patterns and lighter color of the sapwood, to enhance its utilization and value.

Potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from the thinning of teak plantations can be utilized for making products by taking the advantage of its mechanical properties and characteristics. This research assess the mechanical properties and the characteristics of sapwood and its heartwood of young teaks from each of age classes in the rotation age of 40 years of teaks plantation in West Java area, Indonesia. Mechanical properties of young teak are the determination of its MOR and MOE, and it has been determined that the difference strength between sapwood and its heartwood among the age classes is not significant. Characteristics of young teak are intended to the variation of its grain pattern and the color intensity. The lighter color of sapwood of young teak has the specific effect that the color of colorant will appear more attractive than on its heartwood, and the combination of the contrast border pattern between sapwood and its heartwood part will create the unique appearances.

The present work proposes the concept of Product Subjective Sustainability to indicate 'the emotional, affective and/or aesthetical capability of a product to satisfyingly and pleasantly last during its expected long/short lifetime'. To clarify this concept analytically and to expand it experimentally, we have conducted an analytical study on the evolution of users' Kansei toward their short/long-lived products throughout the entire lifecycles of their products. Kansei, in its professional definition, embraces a wider range of subjective issues of product than any other term like emotion. In this research, the product lifecycle from the user's perspective is divided into three different stages: purchasing/choosing, keeping/using and replacing/throwing away the product. Mobile phone, private passenger car and handicraft are assigned as the short-lived and long-lived product cases for the investigation. Three groups of Iranian subjects, as the users or owner of these three kinds of products, are investigated and the changes of their Kansei toward their products are analyzed. The outcome of this analysis will be the Kansei factors, which have association with the investigated subjects' rationale when purchasing, keeping/using and replacing/ parting their short/long-lived products. Eventually, the patterns of Kansei evolution of these three groups over the lifecycle stages of their short/long-lived products are extracted and the resulting Kansei structures concerning the lifecycle stages are compared between the assigned products. © Common Ground, Seyed Javad Zafarmand, Fumio Terauchi, Hiroyuki Aoki.

In this article we review the subjective issues of products in terms of sustainability. The main focus of design researches concerning such issues is on 'lifetime optimization of products'. User-product attachment is also a strategy to extend the product psychological lifetime, though some researchers believe that it is the only means to this end. Considering the lack of a wide expression to encompass product subjective issues that contribute to products' longevity, we propose the concept of Product Subjective Sustainability to indicate 'the emotional, affective and/or aesthetical capability of a product to satisfyingly and pleasantly last during its expected long/short lifetime'. We then suggest a framework for approaching Product Subjective Sustainability and expanding it analytically. The structure of a field-study is also outlined within the suggested framework.

This research deals with the matter of subjective or psychological lifetime of products. Most scholar works concerning such a matter have considered user-product attachment as the only means being effective for extending the subjective lifetime of products. Aiming to analytically expand this means and/or to find out the other possible effective means in this regard, here, we have conducted a comparative and analytical study on the evolution of users? Kansei toward a short-lived and long-lived product during the entire lifecycles of those two kinds of product. As Kansei in its professional definition embraces all subjective issues of product, this research is based on Kansei Engineering approach. In this research, the product lifecycle from user perspective is divided into three different stages including purchasing/choosing, keeping/using and replacing/throwing away the product. Mobile phone, private passenger car and handicraft or Japanese traditional furniture are assigned respectively as the short-lived and long-lived products for investigation. Three groups of Japanese subjects, as the user or owner of these three kinds of product, are investigated and the changes of their Kansei toward their products are analyzed. The outcome of this analysis will be the Kansei factors associating with the investigated groups of subjects' rationale when purchasing, keeping/using and replacing their short/long-lived products. Finally, the extracted patterns and trends of the Kansei evolution of those three groups regarding their short/long-lived products during the lifecycle stages of those products are compared.

"Hometown designer", as a profession, let alone as a terminology, has yet to folly bloom and become recognized in Japan. The academic program offered by Chiba University in Isumi City, Chiba Prefecture, intends to boost this recognition and its stature. The program offers an opportunity for students to work closely with residents and to develop their leadership skills, as well as improve their design and implementation capacities. Rhetorically connoting a medical prescription written by a home doctor to treat an illness, the academic program on "designing a living" reflects a careful diagnosis of the drastic changes to the cultural, social, environmental, and economic conditions particular to a region or town and the solutions thereof. With this acting as a rubric or new perception of a hometown designer's role, this paper analyzes the basic approaches that a hometown designer should apply and the key factors that assure sustainable regional promotion. Specifically, these refer to the academic program's features on identifying indigenous resources (treasures), identifying and screening nonproblem-solving-based ideas, and formulating visions. The concept of Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) and the Flowering of the Total Person (Jinshin-no-hana) constitute the basic guiding principles of the work of a hometown designer.

The objective of this research is to explore relationships among the three main aesthetic components in design of traditional daily products (TDPs): form, color and decoration. Those relationships are compared between two countries, Japan and Vietnam, in order to reveal the specification of each country. By using Dual Scaling and Cluster Analysis methods, the correlations between three pairs (Form-Color, Color-Decoration, Decoration-Form) are in turn investigated and extracted. Finally, the summary of all result shows that, the relationship among color, form, decoration in Japanese TDPs is tighter and balance than in Vietnamese ones. This indicates that, in Japanese TDPs form has strong effects to color and decoration in a product, while it is likely a separate component in design of Vietnamese TDPs. Besides, there is also a similarity between the two countries: form and decoration's complexity are usually in a visual balance and harmony, while colorfulness follows up with decoration's complexity.

When designing a living aims to enhance regional values through the employment of cultural resources and local indigenous resources (i.e., the local population, environment etc.), its sustainability should not be assessed in economic terms. Rather, it should be assessed through various social perspectives and reviewed from various macro perspectives as well as from micro design functions, which are closely related to cultural elements. Besides these perspectives, the nature and magnitude of the design goal should be integral criteria in the critical assessment of the rationality of the proposed "designing a living" program. The Integrated Design Engineering Project (IDEP) 2010 implemented by Chiba University in Isumi, Chiba Prefecture intends to show that the living conditions of a particular locale or region can be improved through the activation of positive social linkages and exchanges within the local population. This paper analyzes the sustainability of this idea from three dimensions and lays down specific evaluation guidelines. Evaluation for designing a living is a critical activity and is an integral function of hometown designers in their task of reinvigorating specific places. Learning the various features of evaluation is an indispensable skill that should be nurtured by a hometown designer.

Considering the gradually increasing pressures to construct a more sustainable society, it is required to reconsider the current product design and manufacture. Therefore, development of a new design paradigm is needed, changing from mass production and mass consumption to the service-oriented post mass production, which pursues the differences in product quality and service-based product value creation considering product lifecycle. Based on the analysis of current situations of service-oriented research, this paper pointed out three existing problems in service engineering, such as lack of: (1) concrete analytical means for service system elements, (2) development means for new service concept, and (3) development of application tools for service design practice. In addition, product sustain ability is also discussed. It indicates that currently product added value (particularly kansei value) creation could be an effective way to promote product sustainability from eco-mind till to realize the improvement and optimization of service and product system. In this way, developing new methodology for product kansei value creation is urgent.