久保 光徳

The purpose of this study is to propose an environmentally-friendly detergent container without painful process such as refill. In addition, it also aimed to minimize the volume of container when it discarded. Laminated film was used for the container to reduce the effects on the environment. At first, it was investigated the way of deformation by axial compression force. Subsequently, the bottom shape of the container was discussed. As the results, it was clarified that the desirable deformation are performed using accordion wall with rectangular bottom shape. Moreover, the effects of number of tiers of wall on stability and usability of the container were discussed. Finally, we proposed a container which achieves the aims.

A simple mechanism of steering function was proposed in order to simplify steering structures and to reduce the weight of the structures. The simple steering mechanism consists of two elastic front arms instead of the usual complex system that includes many rigid parts. A tricycle with the elastic front arms, which was composed by two front wheels and one rear wheel, was investigated to explore the possibility of the elastic steering mechanism. To examine the dynamic behavior of the tricycle, a small radio-controlled model and an actual tricycle that should be able to be controlled by a rider on the real tricycle were constructed. The traveling examinations into both the models showed that the elastic steering mechanism could have some practical characteristics.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the suitable combination of fabric materials for different body regions. Fifteen kinds of woven fabrics as samples were made with cotton thread and jute yarn. The subjects evaluated tactile impression of the samples using their body regions ; palm, medial side of the forearm, back of the thigh and planta pedis. Obtained results show a strong correlation between the evaluations for comfort by medial side of the forearm and those by back of the thigh. Moreover, it was clarified the physical properties affected on tactile impression of fabrics.

This paper aimed to propose playthings focused on those sound qualities of materials. At first, it was carried out the survey on plays of kindergarten students and their interest to sound. Subsequently, it was investigated that what the guardians of them desire their children's play. As the results, it was found that the guardians desired for their children to encourage their creativity and/or acquire cooperativeness through playing with a plaything. Consequently, two kinds of playthings were proposed to satisfy demands of both the students and their gurdians. Finally, the effectiveness of those was confirmed by experiments with kindergarten students.

本報では、遊び道具の音質に着目し、音を効果的に取り入れた遊び道具を提案することを試みた。そこで幼児の保護者を対象として、幼児が興味を持つ音と保護者が求める遊び道具についての質問紙調査を行った。その結果、好む音に性差があること、年少時には叩いて音を出す遊びが好まれ、年齢が上がるにつれて音階のあるおもちゃを好む傾向にあることなどが明らかになった。また保護者は遊びの発展性や遊びを通して社会性を養えるような遊び道具を求めていることが示唆された。そこで、これらの要求を満たすために２種類の遊び道具を制作した。一つは穴を開けた組み立て可能なブロックに金属や木材の棒を差し込んで叩いて遊ぶ道具「音ブロック」である。もう一つは有孔板の穴にゴムやたこ糸、水糸などの異なる材料を張り巡らせ、弾いて遊ぶ道具「音の巣」である。これらを幼稚園に設置し、園児の使用状況観察を行った。これにより、いずれの道具とも年齢によらず音質の違いに大変興味を示すこと、「音ブロック」では年長の幼児と比較すると時間はかかるものの年少の幼児でも音階へと遊びが発展していくこと、「音の巣」では協力しながら遊ぶ様子が確認できた。

本報では、異なる材料を組み合わせることによって、手掌部、前腕内側、大腿部背面、足底の異なる４部位にそれぞれ適合した触感覚が得られるような表面性状を見いだすことを試みた。そこで綿と麻からなる２種類の糸を用いて、その本数とパターンを変えた織物15種類を制作した。ついで、これらに既製の床用織物５種類を加えた計20サンプルに対して官能評価実験を実施した。被験者は20_から_26歳までの80名である。これと並行して、織物全体における麻の面積割合の測定を行い、官能評価実験の結果との相関関係を検討した。得られた結果に因子分析法と重回帰分析法を適用したところ、いずれの部位においても硬軟感と刺激感の２因子によって触感覚が評価できることが判明した。しかしながら前腕内側や大腿部背面と足底では快適とされるパターンに違いが認められた。前腕内側や大腿部背面においては快適感と織物における麻の面積割合の間に有意な相関関係が認められ、平らに感じられる方が快適とされた。一方、足底での評価はこれらと大きく異なった。最後に各部位において快適とされたサンプルを貼り付けた椅子を制作し、身体各部位に適した材料を組み合わせることの有効性を確認した。

ステアリング機構の単純化を図り、構造重量の低減を図るために、ステアリング機構の構造要素に弾性体を適用することを試みた。従来のステアリング機構が本質的に複数の剛体機械要素の組み合わせにより構成されているの対し、単一の弾性体構造要素（一体型前輪フレーム）によりその構造の単純化を探った。ケーススタディとして、人力で駆動できること、移動体としてバランスが取りやすいこと、構成材料が取得し易いことを念頭に置き、手動により駆動される後輪駆動３輪車（前２輪、後１輪）を取り上げ、そのラジコン制御小型機能モデルと搭乗可能実走機能モデル（前輪フレーム部：竹、その他：スチール）を制作し、本ステアリング機構の実現可能性について検討した。小型機能モデルの検証から、弾性変形によるステアリング機能が可能であることを確認するとともに、実走機能モデルによる実走行実験からは、操舵時の運動性能、段差乗り越え時の減衰性能も実走行に耐え得ることが確認でき、操作時の体勢の不自然さを解決すると本ステアリング機能を有するフレーム一体型の３輪車が実使用レベルまでに展開することの可能性を示唆することができた。

これまで、病床環境は医療機能を重視する傾向が強かったが、患者の療養環境としての機能も必要である。そこで本研究では、疾病の特性に応じた病床環境の検討を行った。まず、治療過程や治療内容、疾病による特徴の類似性を明らかにするため、入院計画書（クリティカルパス）を用いて入院生活に影響を与える要因による疾病の分類を行った。数量化理論III類とクラスター分析による解析の結果、41種類の疾病は7つのグループに分類できた。次に、入院患者は様々な不安やストレスを抱えていることから、患者が抱える不安やストレスと、その解決する病床環境の物理的側面を表す項目を抽出し、不安やストレスに寄与する物理的側面について数量化理論I類による定量化を試みた。さらに、看護士の意見を十分に反映させ、疾病の特性による分類での不安やストレスの大きさと病床環境の物理的特性の重要度を定め、数量化理論III類とクラスター分析による解析を行った。解析の結果、疾病の特性による分類は3つのタイプに分類できた。解析より各タイプの特徴を明らかにし、好ましい平面プランの検討を行った。本研究の結果、疾病の特性に応じた病床環境の可能性が示唆された。

本研究では、携帯型情報機器を対象として、操作の直感的認知に有効なSUI配置と、その形状および材質の関係を明らかにすることを試みた。まず数量化理論_III_類を用いて、携帯型情報機器に求められる操作目的（タスク）の分類を行った。ついで、被験者実験により操作に適したSUIの配置を検討した。その後、タスクに及ぼす形状および材質の影響を解明する実験を行った。各実験によって得られた結果は、コレスポンデンス分析法と数量化理論を用いて検討した。これにより、対象とした18種類のタスクが3つに大別でき、それぞれに操作に適した適切な配置位置があることが確認できた。また、タスクの認知には形状および材質が大きく影響していることが明らかになった。SUI重視型、対話型、GUI重視型のタスクに、それぞれ「押す」「上下左右」「回す」動作を対応させたうえ、「通信」「記録」「再生」の各タスクにプラスチック、金属、ゴムを用いることで、操作が直感的に認識可能となることが示唆された。

本研究では従来の三輪自転車における走行性能、旋回性能および悪路走破性の改善に焦点を当てて研究を行った。まず、走行性能改善の一つとして前輪駆動に着目し、前輪駆動が悪路において有効であることを確認した。さらに、前輪駆動によって自由な設計が可能となった後輪フレーム部に弾性変形機構を持たせ、旋回性の向上を目指した。本研究では、この後輪フレーム部に竹を適用したものとねじりコイルばねを適用した２つのプロトタイプを制作し、両タイプの有効性と問題点を検討した。

泡は複数集合したときは多面体になる。この中空の多面体は、周囲の状況が許す限りその表面積が最小となるように空間内を隙間なく分割する。泡構造とは、この多面体によって構成される構造体のことである。このような構造材料には三次元的な耐荷重性があり、また軽量化を果たすことができると考える。さらに、泡構造は閉じたセルにより構成されているため断熱性、防音性も期待できる。構造の解析を行うなめに、セルの大きさが三種類の泡構造体を制作し、圧縮試験を行った。次に椅子を題材にした有限要素解析を行い、応力分布を視覚化した。圧縮試験の結果、セルの大きさが小さくなるに従い圧縮強度が増す傾向にあることが明らかになり、有限要素解析の結果を見ると、局所的な応力集中が起きることはなく、応力が構造体全体に伝わった。さらに無応力部を取り除き、力学的に無駄のない形態を追求するとすその広がった形となった。またこのような作業を繰り返すと、力学的な働きをする個所がやや増えたが、最大応力はほとんど変わることがなかった。以上を参考に、最終的に泡構造の構造的な特徴を表現した椅子と泡構造材料の軽量、断熱性の特徴を活かした移動式簡易空間制作した。

FRP(Fiber Reinforced Plastic)は、マトリクスと強化材の組み合わせにより、特性を操作することができる材料である。そこで、一般的には用いられることの少ない強化材とマトリクスの組み合わせを用いることにより、今までにない新しい特性をもつ材料が得られ、その特性を左右する要素を把握し意図的に操作することができれば、デザインの幅を広げるような材料設計が可能になると考えた。そこで本研究では、強化材に編構造繊維を、マトリクスに超軟質の樹脂を用いることにより、変形した後に強化されるFRPを開発することを試みた。編構造繊維によるFRP、一方向繊維によるFRP、樹脂のみの三種類の実験サンプルを作成し三点曲げ試験を行った結果、編構造繊維によるFRPのみに、変形後強化されるという特性がみられた。また、編構造繊維にあらかじめテンションを強くかけてFRPを作成すると、引張試験において、少ない変形で強化機能が現れることを示唆することができた。最後に、編構造繊維によるFRPの特性を生かした、足首の捻挫予防用サポータを提案することにより、編構造繊維によるFRPの有用性を示すことを試みた。

車椅子や乗用車用のシートに着座する人は，基本的に動的な力学環境である振動環境下に曝されることになる。本研究では，振動環境下において人が主観的に感じる「快適性」の解明を基本的な目標とし，複数のシート条件と加振条件等の組み合わせによる人の物理的，心理的，そして生理的振動特性の「快適性」との関係についての検討を，６つの実験条件下において実施した。これらの実験においては，剛性材料で構成されたリジットシートを始めとし，軟質ポリウレタンフォームをクッション材とした一般的乗用車用シート，そして車椅子のシート部をシート条件とし，それと同時に，垂直方向の正弦波による周期的な加振，ランダム加振，そして実車走行による実路面加振の３加振を振動条件とした。また，シートに着座する人としての被験者の選定においても，各実験条件に応じて，共通性の強い被験者群を選定した場合と，逆に身体的な個人差のばらつきが大きい被験者群を選定して行った実験もある。このような複数の実験条件を通して「振動環境下におけるシートに着座する人の快適性」に見られる基礎的な共通性と個人差ばらつきの傾向が明らかになった。

People sitting in wheelchairs or car seats are exposed to periodic vibration environments, which can lead to an uncomfortable ride. In this study, human body vibration experiments were carried out by varying seating conditions under different excitation environments with the objective of elucidating the human sense of comfort. Six different experimental conditions were used to explore the relationship between vibration characteristics and people's physical, psychological, and physiological interpretations of comfort. Through the use of diverse experimental conditions, general trends in both the commonality and differences in the interpretations of comfort were clarified for car seats in a dynamic environment.

Relationship between vibration discomfort and inter-subject variability of human seated in car seat was investigated. Subjects of 7 male and 3 female from 5 countries with diverse weight distribution participated in the experiment. Transmissibility to head, chest, abdomen, thigh and shank were measured for each subject at different discrete frequencies and the corresponding ride comfort evaluation was conducted. Total of 14 discrete frequencies of sinusoidal waveform in 2 to 15 Hz range were studied. The results, for subject of lightweight, ride comfort was found affected by mainly transmissibility in fore-and-aft direction. Investigation on the effect of phase lag found that lightweight subjects were more sensitive to head-related phase lag while heavyweight subjects were comparatively sensitive to chestrelated phase lag. Despite the various variabilities in each individual, it had been ascertained that transmissibility to chest in up-and-down direction displayed a significant indifference between subjects in the experiment. The main features of this study were the examination on the inter-subjects variabilities with regards to ride comfort, and the finding that similarities can be observed within individual variabilities.

The purpose of this research was to solve the problems in the use of the baby stroller. The approach was conducted by thinking about the material and the frame shape. The first stage of the research was to carry out a questionnaire to identify the problems in the use of the baby stroller. Then, a baby storoller designed as a sling using three dimensional knitting and a stroller flame was produced. Finally, a road test with the baby stoller was carried out. The following results were obtained : (1)The baby's body was sufficiently supported by the knitting; (2)The baby's body vibration was greatly reduced with the new design of the baby stoller.

This research discussed about the effect of patterns and materials on the perception of tactile tiles for guiding visual impaired people. Tactile tiles with different textures and number of protrusions were prepared for samples. The samples were made of four kinds of materials such as plastic, rubber, metal and wood. Subsequently, nine persons without visual problems and eleven visually handicapped, evaluated the possibility of information transfer using the tactile tiles. As a result, it was suggested that the combination of material and pattern could transmit the information such as "danger", "goal", "for men" and "for women"

For children under age four, the options among prosthetic knees are less than ideal as all of the knees are made of metals being too heavy and/or large for toddlers. This study aimed at verifying the applicability of fine ceramics in pediatric prosthetic knee joint. A basic design was constructed and modified by CAD application to obtain a polycentric configuration. Four different combinations of materials-alumina/UHMW-HDPE, alumina/PCTFE, zirconia/UHMW-HDPE, and zirconia/PCTFE-were tested using FEM analysis. Results showed points of stress concentration. Therefore, a shock-absorption part made of elastomer, filled with CMC solution, and with discreet particles of PCTFE on its outside for low friction was introduced in the design and tested using the alumina/PCTFE combination. Models without particles and without shock-absorption part were also tested for comparison. Results demonstrated that the design using alumina/PCTFE plus the elastomer part with particles was the most successful, having the lowest rate of variation of stress, average and maximum stress.

This study aims to investigate a possibility of a 3-D human model constructed by using FEM to simulate the dynamic behaviour of human body seated in such as a car seat. The configuration of the FEM model and the properties of the finite elements composing the human model were empirically defined through trial-and-error method. Firstly, the dynamical behaviours of the FEM model under periodic vibrations were simulated with harmonic analysis to compare with the actual behaviours experimentally measured under the same vibration conditions. Next, the same FEM model also was applied to transient response analysis to compare the simulated results with the actual behaviours measured in the actual running test of a car. As a result, it was clarified that the dynamical behaviour of the upper parts of the human model were almost consistent with the actual behaviour, while the behaviour of the lower parts were quite different to the actual lower parts behaviour.

Users often use descriptions and illustrations as clues to obtain information in visual information-based operations. However, at places where illumination is dim or groping is necessary, supplemental information by sense organs other than visual become important, especially to visually impaired persons who are unable to handle visual information-based machines. Under such situations, accidents, operational errors, stresses due are thought can be prevented through tactile information-based operations. In this study, the objectives were to examine the possibility of exploiting intuition ability on shapes and material texture through tactile cognition in operating machines by both visually impaired and normal persons, and also to clarify the factors that affect the cognition.

In this paper, by studying various sensory elements of industrial products and causal relationships due to the occurrence of affections toward products, the primary factors for the occurrence of affections and the tendencies toward the products were investigated with the model indicating users' tendencies to the products and the corresponding relationship was found. A questionnaire had been carried out and as a result from the survey, four groups of tendencies were obtained. For each group, SEM(Structural Equation Modeling) was used to construct the model for causal relationships of the occurrence of affection. Subsequently, the differences for causal relationships due to various tendencies toward products were clarified.

The purpose of this study was to generate various fabric illustrations from one of the visual impressions of fabrics by using a multi-layer neural network model that employed the deviation values of the impressions as input units. Firstly, sensory evaluation was carried out to investigate the visual impressions of fabrics illustrations. Secondly, the relations among the visual impressions, the deviation values and the parameters generating the fabric illustrations were formulated using a multi-layer neural network model. Then more fabric illustrations to one of the visual impressions were predicted through the neural network model considering the deviation of the visual impressions of fabrics. As a resul it was suggested that the deviation of visual impressions could be reflected in the predicted fabric illustrations through the neural network model.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate various methods which reduce the emission of formaldehyde from wood-based materials. The various methods of reducing formaldehyde emission were chemical treatments with Urea, Phenol, Catechin. Tannin, and Ammonia respectivily. Firstly, the variations of formaldehyde concentration in several days were measured to find out the level of reduction by each chemical treatment. Then, to determine the sensory effects of formaldehyde emission such as odor and its preference on humans, sensory evaluation was carried out. From the results, it was found that the emission of formaldehyde from the plywood was reduced by Urea and Ammonia treatment, and that odor from Catechin-treated plywood gave a comfortable impression.

The correlation between comfort of human sitting in car seats and the physical properties of polyurethane foams, which were material of the seat, was investigated in consideration of the differences among individual evaluations. The experiments to investigate sitting and riding comfort were carried out under static and dynamic environments, respectively. As a result, it was suggested that the evaluations of sitting and riding comfort could be divided into 3 types, and the relationships between the physical properties of the foams and each type of the evaluations were identified. In particular, the riding comfort would be affected by the dynamic behaviour of the human body sitting in the seats as well as the physical properties of the foams.

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between the surfaces properties of guardrails and the dynamic speed perception as a measure to prevent traffic accidents. In the experiment, various 3-dimensional and animated guardrails were constructed through the computer by changing the shapes, the colors and the surface patterns. After a through analysis on each pattern, the results suggested that wider surface area reflects higher intensity of lightness provides faster perceived speed. It was also found that surfaces which showed a peak at 100-150Hz of power spectral were perceived as " in faster speed"; and surfaces of regular pattern were percerved as " in slower speed ".

The purpose of this study was to construct flying airplane model according to the flapping wings and veins structures by reproducing the representative flying system of living beings. At first, we investigated the flying patterns and wings structure of living beings. With reference to the results of the investigation into the flying system, some models were made, and the propulsion forces of those models was experimentaly measured. Secondly the experiment of gliding and flapping were also carried out. From the result of measurement, the wing outline was found important in addition to the structure of wing. The design should take the shape of the bird Through this study, the construction of a flying airplane model based on living beings' flapping wings and veins structure was made possible.

A pair of crutches could aid him to move with his own both legs.The crutches play an important part of rehabilitation. But the current crutches have some problems such as a load on arms. The purpose of this study is to propose the crutches that have both functions of absorbing shock and supporting the user's weight with elastic materials.At first, we confirmed the problem extracted through the investigation into the literatures.Moreover, we proposed some forms of the crutches.On the basis of these shapes, finite element models were determined, then the deformatin behavior of the models were analyzed.Finally, we chose the most suitable shape as the crutches and made a functional model of GFRP.

In this study, the effective methods of making user consider for environmental impacts who would select products were examined. First, through the case of television, the words concerned with product selection were sorted out by KJ method. Then using the third theory of quantification and the cluster analysis method, various televisions were classified into four groups in view of user's requirement. From a result, we suggested a plan which would urge the user to consider about the environment to each of the groups classified by the above-mentioned methods. By this means, we showed capabilities to deepen user's consideration for environment without contradiction to their requirements.

This study aims to make clear a relation between tactile stimulus and words, which inform users about function of products. Subjects touched 33 tactile stimuli without viewing them. They selected an adjective matching each tactile stimulus from 30 pairs of adjectives. The adjectives represent the functions of an interface, with tactual perception of materials. As a result of the experiment, we found several relations between the tactile stimuli and the adjectives : smoothness and quickness, coarseness and loudness, softness and slowness and so on.Thus we could suggest that the tactile stimulus are effective to inform users of the function and operation on the interface. Moreover, we could show the capability to apply the tactile stimulus to an interface design.

Spoke wheels need to make spokes overhung to secure the stiffness of wheel. However the overhunged spokes would cause the air resistance. Therefore, in this study we suggested a racing bicycle wheel which have no overhunged spokes without reducing the stiffness of wheel. Concretely, we performed an optimum design of the racing bicycle wheel with the section radius of each spoke as design variable parameters and gross weight of the wheel as an objective function. Consequently, it was estimated that the optimized model on the section radius 2.3mm showed less deformed than existing racing bicycle spoke wheels. Finally, we maked a full-size model with the result of the optimum design.

Although it is difficult to turn a sledge well for a rider who rides in it, general beginners will be able to ride in the sledge which is different from a pair of skis requiring a great deal of technical skill in their operations. In this study, a snow sledge that is possible to turn freely was proposed. At first, we applied the principle of Alpine ski robot to sliding of the sledge, and suggested a simple form as a snow sledge made of GFRP. Moreover, the base shape of the sledge was decided according to the experiments with 1/6 plastics models of the sledge. As a result, we made it clear that the relations between the edge shapes of the base and the movements of the center of gravity. Finally, we proposed a snow sledge made of GFRP, and carried out the real sliding test.

The purpose of this investigation was to propose an automobile that decreases the impact of collision on pedestrians in traffic accidents. It was found that many pedestrians involved in the accidents were hit their head with the front part of cars and died of impact on the head area. Therefore we aimed to reduce the impact by improvement of the front shape. To grope for on optimal shape of the front shape, the experiment on collision was practiced with 1/8 scale models. As a result of this, we found that the optimal shape should not only absorb the impact but also hold a pedestrian on the hood of a car. Finally, we proposed the front shape of car and made a clay model according to the necessary requirements.

This study aims to adapt properties of pulp mold to a stool. In the consideration of waste paper surplus problem, we focussed to use waste milk carton. Firstly, bending and compress test was performed on the pulp pieces made from milk cartons by universal testing machines. As a result of test, it was found that required thickness of the pulp pieces to tolerate 100kg weight was 15mm at least. Secondly, a 1/5-model stool was produced. Stress analysis was carried out using finite element analysis. Finally an exact size stool model was produced with the peculiarity of pulp according to result. It was suggested that it is possible for us to mold three-dimensional forms out of pulp from milk cartons.

There is a possibility that visual images affected by a feeling of materials when we acknowledge materials visually. A purpose of this study is to clear up a correlation between materials and the visual images on a feeling of materials, and to make the picture book using the correlation. Concretely, we performed a sensory assessment with SD method on a yardstick which is related to sense modality but visual perception. As a result, we recognized significant differences in most of samples on each yardstick. Finally we maked the picture and poem book with the correlation between materials and visual images.