柳井 重人

Children spend most of their time at school; thus, agricultural experiences (AEs) in school gardens through school organizations are important for children to remain connected to agriculture and nature. Although various studies confirm the tremendous benefits of school gardens, the lack of studies on the characteristics of school gardens and the factors that influence the effectiveness of their AEs is telling. In this study, a questionnaire was developed and sent to the school garden managers of the public elementary schools in an urban area in Japan to analyze the characteristics of school garden and their influencing factors through descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. The results identified the location effects on the type of school gardens: school gardens inside the school are better able to ensure the safety of children but have less connection with the community; school farms outside the school are better able to ensure a place for children to have AEs; schools with both a school garden and farm have a stronger connection to the community than those with only school gardens, however, safety is decreased. In addition, the lack of budget, teachers, supportive policies, and motivation among school garden managers in operating school gardens was noted. Therefore, ensuring government support, coordinating the time of school garden managers, and strengthening the connection and cooperation between elementary schools and local communities are primary issues for consideration in the future.

<p>In these days, some company take part in activities of water-resource forests conservation in various way. On the other hand, there are some problems such as continuity of activity, fund for activity, the way of cooperation with local area. The purpose in this study was to search for potential and future direction of activities of green space conservation. "Saijyo Yama to Mizu no Ground Work" was chosen as a case study in this study. This activity had started since 2001 in Higashi-Hiroshima city, Hiroshima prefecture, Japan. The study method is documents investigation, field survey, and interview survey to grasp the process, the management system and actual conditions of partnership in local area. The result are as follows; First of all, the existence of the fund in the organization which did not depend on the furtherance and the subsidy contributed to implementation of the autonomous and flexible activity. Second of all, through the activity, cycle of resources like people, goods and money were promoted in the local area. Third of all, people in charge of the administrative organization understood the importance of cooperate with academic institution before this project start and it was incarnated.</p>

This study is based on the Forest's Owners designated by the Matsudo City Green Regulations. It aims is develop the current Conservation Policy State on Privately Owned Forests and those forests open to the local residents, as well as to examine the achievements and tasks of public visit management and cooperation with citizen's organizations. In this survey we gave a questionnaire to the landowners, and conducted an interview with the personal from the local government offices. As a result, we discovered that more than 40% of the landowners want support of citizen's organizations of Matsudo; as well too they expect reduction of maintenance costs, guaranteed maintenance, as well as reduction of complaints from the neighborhood residents. The most interesting subject is the Opening the Privately Owned Forests to public people, with this visits earn benefits, as natural places walking and anti-crimes measures. However, now the forest's owners they have several issues that they need, for example, consider the reduction or cooperation of forest's management and stop the illegal garbage dumping around their areas .

本研究では,岐阜県郡上市白鳥町石徹白地区を対象地として,地域主体による小水力発電の導入と,地域での位置づけの実態と課題を明らかにし,今後の小水力発電の導入促進と地域づくりのあり方を考察した。研究では,各種事業報告書などの文献調査,管理・運営主体関係者へのインタビューを実施した。その結果,第一に,関係主体が共通の目標を持っていること,第二に,農業用水の利用に様々な配慮が行われたこと,第三に,公共性のある電気の活用と小水力発電の導入を契機とした地域づくりへの波及があった。

The realization is expected by active participation of the green activities by residents, for the purpose to improve the quality and management of green in urban area. Can be considered that it will find the way from opinion of the residents, what is to examine the possibility of participation in greening activities by residents. In this study, the purpose is the verification of promoting participation policy for each; which were divided into several groups from resident's characteristics of the opinion and behavior. And be conducted a questionnaire of five regions in Chiba city. Then, was conducted a statistical analysis using the data obtained from the questionnaire. As a result, three groups were obtained; ①"home active group"; be active mainly at home, ②"regional activities start group"; began activities at the regional and the level of consciousness about the green is higher than "home active group", ③"regional activities spreading group"; the consciousness level of green is high, but is not tied to participation in regional activities. Also, the groups ② and ③, tended to the possibility of participation in the greening activity. Because of that, It was considered policy which focus on the level of consciousness of green is effective to encourage the participation of residents; for example, to provide a field of activity not only provide consciousness.

This study takes municipalities surrounding the metropolitan area as study areas, to understand the current policy status on the accessibility of privately owned forests to local residents, as well as to examine the achievements and tasks of management. We conducted a questionnaire survey to government officer. In order to deeply understand the results obtained from the questionnaire survey, we also did the interview survey to them. As a result, because of more than 40% municipalities surrounding the metropolitan area have laws, ordinances, and guidelines, the opening of privately owned forests had been promoted. We found that 60% of the citizen organization participated in, mainly in forest floor management and tree management. However, the public events and using management have not been achieved yet. Public awareness activity still stopped at the advocacy phase and the activity for training of citizen leader is insufficient. The absence of collateral of forest on the opening of privately owned forest is a major issue. To solve this problem, there is a trend to ensure the collateral of forest through conjunction with existing conservation measures. Meanwhile, as the management issue of opened privately owned forest, we also found that there is lack of citizen organization. There is an increase demand for collaboration with citizen organization and the citizen leader.

In recent years, there has been a concern in regards to abandonment and under -utilization of agricultural lands in urban areas due to decrease in housing development and lack of management. However, these sp aces should be seen as an important natural asset to the local region. These conditions are due to current restrictions in land policy and land use regulations t hus there is a need to seek a suitable framework to manage these lands in a sustainable manner. It is known that local citizen's needs of getting in touch with agriculture and nature is arising. Thus in this case, it is important to establish a community based agricultural land management system and to point out the factors upon spreading the system. The survey was conducted in Hino city. Through the survey, it is known that several types of agricultural lands have been merged to create a management system to cater a multifunction agricultural land. As a conclusion, in order to support a community ba sed land management at a regional level, land purchasing by the government, establishment of an organization that acts as a middle person are necessary to sust ain these agricultural lands.

This study aims to clarify the effects and issues of opening privately owned forests to public visits through an event organized by local community groups. "Open Forest in Matsudo" was a 9-day event held on May 2012，in Matsudo City，Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The event was chosen as a case study for this research. Alongside a questionnaire survey conducted among the event participants，an interview survey was also carried out among several local community groups and local government bodies, who were the core organizers of the event. The study revealed that both the participants and organizers benefitted from the event in several ways. For example，participants fostered wider knowledge regarding forest management by local community. On the other hand，event organizers had an opportunity to share their event management skills，as well as building a wider network of community groups. However，several issues were realized upon running the event which included funding issues，and the need to consider the reduction of workload at the event preparation stage in the future.

民有樹林地を保全するとともに、住民の利用のためのオープンスペースを確保する手法の一つとして市民緑地制度がある。公開された民有樹林地において、日常的な利用者である近隣住民の市民緑地の利用に対するニーズに沿った管理運営を行うことが課題となる。その方策の一つとして、本研究では近隣住民主体の市民緑地の管理運営の有効性や今後の展望を検討した。その結果、1)公開された樹林地が自治会や他団体の活動場所として利用されていること、2)日常的な見回りや他団体を巻き込んだ管理運営が行われていること、3)今後の課題として管理団体、土地所有者及び行政の間で市民緑地の管理運営に向けた認識を共有することが示唆された。

In this study, we clarify the tasks needed to enlarge the urban parks management system in Makuhari Bay Town district, Chiba city. By interviewing people from civic groups, park administration, and other organizations, we understand the process and actual situation of the urban parks management system with public participation. On the basis of this research, we discuss the recent developments and tasks needed for enlarging the urban parks management system, ranging from individual activities to public participatory activities in the regional community. The results are as follows: 1) Civic groups organized by residents who were interested in theme-oriented activities have led the management system of urban parks in Makuhari Bay Town district. 2) Recently, neighborhood residents of urban parks organized a civic group for park management. In the beginning of the activity, existing organizations supported the civic group by conducting activities such as skill coaching, and so on. 3) To further develop the management system of urban parks with public participation in the regional community, opportunities are needed to enhance communication and mutual cooperation among the civic groups, and to strengthen the partnership between the civic groups and the administration.

Civic groups have recently increased the number of activities that they are performing for the conservation of urban forests. To ensure the successful completion of these activities, strong public&mdash;private partnerships must be established. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the nature of the management system for urban forest conservation, which is based on the formation of partnerships among civic groups, administration, forest owners, and several organizations. This is done by examining the management system for urban forest conservation of Matsudo City, Chiba, where 10 civic groups work at forests under private ownership. The study results indicate that 1) the Satoyama Volunteer Introductory Course offered by civic groups and the local administration helps citizens continuously form civic groups for forest conservation; 2) the form of cooperative administration employed by civic groups and forest owners allows forest conservation work to proceed smoothly; 3) by working within networks, civic groups are able to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to engage in forest conservation and solve any problems that may arise; and 4) a successful system for forest conservation requires that civic groups, forest owners, and neighborhood residents share recognition among themselves and cooperatively set rules for forest conservation.

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing bird distribution in rooftop vegetation in an urban area. We surveyed the distribution of bird species using point count method in fourteen study sites in the Tokyo Ward. We examined the relationships between bird distribution and other environmental factors, including vegetation on the rooftops and land use around the study sites. Pearson's correlation coefficient and TWINSPAN were used for data analysis. In this study's result, a significantly high rate of bird species inhabiting urban areas were found in study sites. Avian species diversity increased with the floristic species richness and the tall-tree-covered area of the rooftop vegetation, and the green-covered area around the study sites. Based upon these results, it may be desirable to increase the area covered with plants, including tall trees (h>3m) on the rooftops, to attract woodland bird species. As bird distribution on rooftop areas has implications for other environmental factors, like a surrounding green area, it appears it would be effective to consider rooftop vegetation area and surrounding green spaces together in the planning stage.

This study aims to clarify the actual conditions and issues of parks and open space use for environmental education of elementary schools. The elementary schools in Chiba City were selected as case study schools. In the environmental research, the distance from schoolyard to parks and open space, the area and type of parks and open space were looked at. The questionnaire survey was conducted with teachers managed each graders. The main contents of the questionnaire were concerned with the locations of parks and open space used for environmental education, the actual conditions of its use, and the consciousness of environmental education in parks and open space. The results are as follows: 1) The basic parks for neighborhood, which located near to the elementary schools, were often used for environmental education. 2) Mainly, the parks and open space were used for the observation of plants and insects. 3) In order to enhance the use of the basic neighborhood parks, it is necessary to provide teachers with teaching materials and to development the environmental education programs. 4) It is possible that the curators of pupils and the inhabitants become the partners with teachers for environmental education in elementary school.

In this study, the object is to clarify the consciousness by officers concerning forest conservation through partnership between the local governments and civic groups in cities. Cities within the prefectures of Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa and Chiba have been selected as the subjects of this study. Through literature/documentary research and surveys conducted on municipalities, an understanding has been gained on the present state of the policies for raising the citizen&rsquo;s interests toward forest conservation, the reality of partnership with civic groups, and the effects, problems and challenges brought about by the partnership with civic groups. As a result, it has been recognized that inner-city municipalities and their vicinities were more likely to be developing measures for raising the citizen&rsquo;s interests toward forest conservation. The officers of these municipalities were aware of the fact that partnership with civic groups is frequent, and that the activities for forest conservation by civic groups are effective. Moreover, it has been understood that in all areas, the continuity of activities by civic groups is recognized as the main problem.

近年CO₂の吸収固定による地球環境保全の観点からも, 市街地の緑化の推進が重要な課題となっている。千葉県松戸市内の戸建住宅地21戸を無作為抽出し, 庭の樹木の状況を調査し, 既存の文献資料を用いて, CO₂の総固定量, 年間固定量を推計した。その結果, 1戸当たりの総固定量は平均1,441.2kg (敷地1m²当たり5.6kg), 年間固定量は202.8kg (敷地1m²当たり.0.88kg) であると推計された。この結果を米国イリノイ州シカゴ市および, 韓国江原道春川市での同様の推計事例と比較し, それぞれの事例ごとの特性を抽出し, 今後の住宅の庭におけるCO₂固定の可能性, 望ましい方向を考察した。

本研究では, 緑地の規模と内外気温との関連性を明らかにすることを目的に, 規模の異なる4つの緑地での気温分布の調査を行った。そして, 緑地内外の気温分布, 緑地内の土地被覆状態と気温緑地の規模と気温低下との関連性について, 回帰分析等により解析を行った。その結果, 緑地内では低温域が, 周辺では高温域が認められ, 緑地から周辺に向かい気温が高くなる傾向がみられた。また, 緑地の規模と気温低下がほぼ比例することや土地被覆の差により気温低下の程度が異なることがわかった。