田内 隆利

<p>本研究の目的は，人形用キモノの形態学的特徴から衣服のデザイン要素としての「キモノらしさ」を明らかにすることである。人形用のキモノは，和裁の理論にとらわれない方法で，人のキモノをより特徴が際立つように簡略化し，再構成したものであると考えられる。人形用キモノの特徴を調査するため，1/6 スケールの着せ替え人形「ジェニー」用に作られた 17 点のキモノ作品例を収集し，分類した。実際にそれらの人形用キモノを再現し，制作過程の検証と形の観察を行った。各作品の特徴を人のキモノと比較し，材料と各パーツの構成の関係，制作の難易度，各部の幅の比率，人形の身体の形との関係に着目した。考察の結果，キモノらしさのデザイン要素は，人形用キモノ全体に共通する特徴としての一定の形の要素に加え，布幅に由来する各部の幅の比率，材料を無駄なく生かす使い方にあると結論づけた。また人形のキモノがこれらの要素を踏まえつつ，自由な解釈により制作された様子を示した。</p>

The demand of wood is increasing, but the supply is limited, on the contrary, there are amount of potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from thinning of teak plantations that could contribute to meet this demand. During the time from planting until harvesting (rotation age), a number of young teak trees, which comprise mostly sapwood, are felled regularly due to the thinning to stimulate the better growth of the remaining teak trees in the plantations. There are at least 1.2 million hectares of teak plantations in Java, Indonesia, and 3.146 million hectares in other countries. In one of the teak plantations, for 1 hectare with the average site quality and the rotation age of 40 years, from 1,769 5-year-old teak trees will be felled regularly during the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at harvesting. From this study, consider the significant amount of young teaks from the thinning is available, it is necessary to utilize these potential material become suitable products by taking the advantage of its properties and prominent characteristics, e.g. border patterns and lighter color of the sapwood, to enhance its utilization and value.

Potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from the thinning of teak plantations can be utilized for making products by taking the advantage of its mechanical properties and characteristics. This research assess the mechanical properties and the characteristics of sapwood and its heartwood of young teaks from each of age classes in the rotation age of 40 years of teaks plantation in West Java area, Indonesia. Mechanical properties of young teak are the determination of its MOR and MOE, and it has been determined that the difference strength between sapwood and its heartwood among the age classes is not significant. Characteristics of young teak are intended to the variation of its grain pattern and the color intensity. The lighter color of sapwood of young teak has the specific effect that the color of colorant will appear more attractive than on its heartwood, and the combination of the contrast border pattern between sapwood and its heartwood part will create the unique appearances.

Aiming to approach Product Subjective Sustainability experientially and initiating to expand this concept analytically, this paper presents the process and results of an analytical study on the evolution of users' Kansei toward their mobile phone during its entire lifecycle in two different contexts, Japan and Iran. As the major outcomes of this study, the patterns of evolution of two groups of Japanese and Iranian subjects' Kansei over the lifetime of their mobile phones are extracted and accordingly the trends of subjective sustainability of mobile phones are drawn and compared between these two contexts. As the findings of this study show, attachment is the most important trend in such a subjective sustainability and may appear at the different levels. However, it is not the only trend in this regard. Furthermore, a lack of such a subjective sustainability, which has several causal trends, is seemingly an ongoing problem in Iran.

In this article we review the subjective issues of products in terms of sustainability. The main focus of design researches concerning such issues is on 'lifetime optimization of products'. User-product attachment is also a strategy to extend the product psychological lifetime, though some researchers believe that it is the only means to this end. Considering the lack of a wide expression to encompass product subjective issues that contribute to products' longevity, we propose the concept of Product Subjective Sustainability to indicate 'the emotional, affective and/or aesthetical capability of a product to satisfyingly and pleasantly last during its expected long/short lifetime'. We then suggest a framework for approaching Product Subjective Sustainability and expanding it analytically. The structure of a field-study is also outlined within the suggested framework.

To approach Product Subjective Sustainability experientially and to expand it analytically, this paper presents the results of an analysis of the evolution of Japanese and Iranian users' Kansei toward their private passenger car during its entire lifetime. The major outcomes of this analysis would be the patterns of evolution of two groups of Japanese and Iranian subjects' Kansei over the lifetime of their private cars. Accordingly, the trends of subjective sustainability of passenger cars are drawn and compared between these two contexts. As the findings of this study show, product subjective sustainability is dominant and ongoing in both countries car market. Moreover, Attachment, as the most important trend in such a subjective sustainability, may appear at the different kinds or levels. However, it is not the only trend in this regard.

Considering the gradually increasing pressures to construct a more sustainable society, it is required to reconsider the current product design and manufacture. Therefore, development of a new design paradigm is needed, changing from mass production and mass consumption to the service-oriented post mass production, which pursues the differences in product quality and service-based product value creation considering product lifecycle. Based on the analysis of current situations of service-oriented research, this paper pointed out three existing problems in service engineering, such as lack of: (1) concrete analytical means for service system elements, (2) development means for new service concept, and (3) development of application tools for service design practice. In addition, product sustain ability is also discussed. It indicates that currently product added value (particularly kansei value) creation could be an effective way to promote product sustainability from eco-mind till to realize the improvement and optimization of service and product system. In this way, developing new methodology for product kansei value creation is urgent.

This research deals with the matter of subjective or psychological lifetime of products. Most scholar works concerning such a matter have considered user-product attachment as the only means being effective for extending the subjective lifetime of products. Aiming to analytically expand this means and/or to find out the other possible effective means in this regard, here, we have conducted a comparative and analytical study on the evolution of users? Kansei toward a short-lived and long-lived product during the entire lifecycles of those two kinds of product. As Kansei in its professional definition embraces all subjective issues of product, this research is based on Kansei Engineering approach. In this research, the product lifecycle from user perspective is divided into three different stages including purchasing/choosing, keeping/using and replacing/throwing away the product. Mobile phone, private passenger car and handicraft or Japanese traditional furniture are assigned respectively as the short-lived and long-lived products for investigation. Three groups of Japanese subjects, as the user or owner of these three kinds of product, are investigated and the changes of their Kansei toward their products are analyzed. The outcome of this analysis will be the Kansei factors associating with the investigated groups of subjects' rationale when purchasing, keeping/using and replacing their short/long-lived products. Finally, the extracted patterns and trends of the Kansei evolution of those three groups regarding their short/long-lived products during the lifecycle stages of those products are compared.

This paper presents the major analyses carried out on shape and form's characteristic database from Japanese and Vietnamese traditional daily products (TDPs). The aim of the research is to recognize the vital specifications representing for a national style by comparing two different countries together. By using Quantification Theory Type III and Cluster analysis, firstly, the analyses were undergone separately for Japanese and then Vietnamese product data in succession so that a view of general direction for each country was caught. The result showing a difference in scale of "Complexity" and "Specification" axis between Japan and Vietnam leads to performance of the analysis done on combine database of the two countries to get a clearer view of correlation between them. However, the biggest difference between the two countries lies in "Form" (Geometric-Organic) axis. Continuously, for studying more deeply into outline of product shape, the main ratios that affect the appearance or gorgeousness of product's outline were taken into account and analyzed. By comparing this result to the previous ones, finally a wider and more detail perspective of Japan and Vietnam shape's specification in a mutual relationship was discovered.

This research has firstly explored the diversity, historical development, techniques and applied range of products of Japanese and Vietnamese materials in traditional daily products. All of those issues have been in turn studied in each material such as wood ware, lacquer ware, ceramic ware, metal ware, bamboo ware, stone ware, paper ware, and others for both countries. An analysis on the frequency level of using of materials has shown the favor of Japan in wood and lacquer mediums, and the abundance of Vietnam in ceramic and metal wares. Some more detail differences were also found in using materials among 3 big groups of Japanese and Vietnamese products according to the using activity: eating, drinking and living. Finally, through the investigation on characteristics of combining of material in Vietnamese and Japanese traditional daily products, the result came out quite distinguish between two countries: a manner of high contrast was felt all over the items of Japan, whilst uniform and harmony feeling went through the Vietnamese products.

児童が手に触れる食器は単に食べ物を盛る道具というだけでなく、食欲や食に対する意識を変えるきっかけになるものと考えられる。その一方で食事に適した食器を使うことができない現実がある。そこで本研究では、食への関心を持たせることを目的とする学校給食用食器の提案を行う。学校給食の現状について文献調査と現場の栄養士への聞き取り調査を行い、給食における問題点と給食用食器に必要な要素を抽出した。これにより、食器自体の改善とともに食器の使用方法を考える必要性が示唆された。そこで日本食を基本とし、飯碗、汁碗、箸を用い食が豊かにならないかと考えた。次にどのような食器が好まれるのかを明確にするため、児童17名を対象に実験を行った。検証の結果、重要な要素は「深さのある碗はおいしそうに感じられない」「持ちやすさが好きな碗を決める大きな要素のひとつ」であること明らかになった。その後試作モデルを使用し児童の手の寸法に合った碗の大きさを明らかとした。

私達は変形する製品を使うことによって、その製品特有の利便性や娯楽性などの新しい価値を認識することができる。そこで、変形に焦点をおき、材料の特性と構造の関係から製品を提案するための研究をおこなった。変形する製品を156収集し［材料・構造・変形の方法・変形の目的］の4つ観点から10個のグループに分類した。そのグループの中からサンプルを一つ抽出し、人は変形する製品をどのように捉えているか、製品の使用前と使用後のそれぞれの印象の変化を調査し、比較した。その結果、モノに対する印象の変化が大きい変形として［躍動感がある］［使用中に変化する］という2つの要素を抽出した。この要素を実現するものとして、剛体に螺旋の切り込みを入れ変形する構造と、それによる弾性変形を利用するアイデアを提案する。27種類のサンプルを作成し検討をした。鞭性があり、もとにもどる力が強い特性を利用した、メモクリップの提案をおこなった。