安森 亮雄

The aim of this paper is to clarify the townscape consisting of stone walls made of Boshu stone in the Kanaya district of Futtsu City, Chiba prefecture. First, the district was divided into four areas, and a total of 159 stone walls were surveyed and analyzed. Secondly, 6 typologies were analyzed from the kinds of stone walls, stacking methods, and surface finishes. Finally, we clarified the characteristic townscapes from the distribution of types in each area.

This study explores 10 “new manufacturing creation hub” in Sumida-Ward. First, the structures, facilities, and uses of buildings were examined. Secondly, the locations, transportation access, surrounding facilities, and characteristics of the area were assessed. Thirdly, the activities, events, and participant profiles were researched. Based on these patterns, insights into the formation of better community spaces are provided. This study will consider the interrelationships and identify the roles, challenges, and improvement points of the locations in contributing to community development in Sumida-Ward.

The aim of this paper is to clarify the permeability and continuity of street space through the practice of the Chiba Park Street Pedestrian Zone. First, the frontage configuration of roadside building are examined. Secondly, the installation of elements such as furniture are examined. Thirdly, activities by people staying at the time of road utilization are examined. By integrating them for each frontage, the permeability as combination with frontage, installation and activity are examined. Finally, through the sequence of them, the continuity of the street space are clarified before and after the practice.

The aim of this paper is to clarify composition of Oya-stone buildings and townscape at Kamitawara district in Utsunomiya city. Firstly, we found 53 stone-buildings at 21 sites in the districts. 4 typologies of stone-buildings were analyzed through the construction method and the functions of buildings. Secondly, the composition of the sites was analyzed through the layout of the buildings and relationship to farmland and stone wall. Finally, we found 2 characteristic types of townscape which reflect local architectural culture with local materials and agricultural style.

In modern architecture, stone has been used as an important material along with iron, glass, and concrete. We can see the locality in the buildings built with local stones. Since Japan is a volcanic country, tuff, which is made from volcanic ash and has soft texture, is produced all over the country. In this paper, the characteristics of buildings using stone, especially Oya-stone, which is a tuff produced in Utsunomiya city in Kanto area, are clarified through the propagation of Modernism and Regionalism. In Japanese modern architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright used Oya-stone in the former Imperial Hotel in 1923 and in the former Yamamura Residence in 1924. His disciple Arata Endo also used Nikka-stone, which is a tuff produced in Hokuriku area, in the former Koshien Hotel in 1930. In 1951 after WWII, Junzo Sakakura, Le Corbusier’s disciple, also used Oya-stone in the pilotis in the Kanagawa Museum of Modern Art. Moreover, Yoshiro Taniguchi used it for the Eiji Yoshikawa Memorial in 1977. Those modern architects’ stone works are examined. Moreover, stone buildings such as storehouses or barns were also constructed by unknown masons in Japan. Stone were used for these vernacular buildings near the producing sites and formed their townscape. Their typologies are examined through the construction methods, the details, the usages, and so on. Furthermore, the Folk Art Movement called “Mingei” also discussed Oya-stone focusing on its anonymous design. Finally, the characteristics of Japanese stone buildings are clarified through the comparative study of the modern architects’ works and vernacular buildings.

The Japanese style of architecture has traditionally been centered on wood; however, stone from the surrounding regions has also been used as a construction material in some instances. In a volcanically active country like Japan, tuff originating from solidified volcanic ash, is quite common. The tuff, thanks to its low specific gravity and softness, is easier to process. Oya stone, a kind of tuff predominantly found in Utsunomiya City (Tochigi Prefecture, approximately 100 km north of Tokyo), has been utilized as a building material. In this study, the typology of stone buildings and townscapes in the Nishine District of Tokujirou Town is elucidated. Tokujira stone, which is similar to Oya stone, was quarried here earlier. First, 62 stone buildings at 22 sites in the district were identified, which were subsequently classified into eight types according to the construction method (such as piling stones, cladding stones, and foundation stones), as well as the use of the buildings (such as storehouses and residences). Second, the site composition was analyzed according to the building layout and its relationship with the primary highway. For this purpose, three characteristic townscape types were identified, which reflect the local architectural culture, materials, and technique.

<p> Amongst all the local industries, the pour-dyeing operates mass production with some handicraft; pouring chemical dye on the folded cotton by hand makes patterns for towels and kimonos. These dyeing factories have developed along the urban river because of its use of water and great transportation links. The process and the fabric forms, such as folded or spread, determine the settings. These spatial settings disclose the close relationship between the things, architecture, and city. This research targets the dyeing factories, and aims to clarify the spatial settings from the viewpoint of the thigs used and the characteristics shown in the townscape caused by them. This paper specifically targets 6 factories from the main producing areas: 3 factories from Utsunomiya, Tochigi; 1 from around Arakawa River in Tokyo; 1 from Hamamatsu, Shizuoka; and 1 from Sakai, Osaka.</p><p> </p><p> First, manufacturing flow is grasped and organized; it is divided into 6 phases and 25 steps. The condition of the fabric is classified as the preservation, the processing, and transportation to the next process. Secondly, the spatial settings and the fabric forms are organized as a set. The usual size of the fabric is 37cm by 12.5m which is just enough to make one kimono.There are 3 different forms of the fabric; rolled up into a small size (S), folded flat into a middle size (M) and largely spreaded form (L). Also, the architectural parts such as floors, walls, ceilings, roofs, etc. are reviewed and organized. With all these factors, 13 "patterns of setting" were derived. Thirdly, the composition of factory shapes is reviewed and organized into 5 patterns by the number of the floors, the shape of the roofs and the structure.</p><p> </p><p> Finally, the relationship between things, architecture, city, and surroundings were clarified. In the Nakagawa dye factory in Utsunomiya (No. 1), the stone warehouse, creating the local town scenery, is the starting and the endpoint of the site. The two story building being the center among the seriate of one-story buildings, and the fabrics hung on the scaffold and the rods are exposed to the street and riverside. The Fukui dye factory (No. 2), which locates on a small site, the storefront is exposed on the street and washing and drying equipment on the riverside. The Ebaman dye factory (No. 3), which doesn't face a river, has a scaffold in the middle, and the manufacturing flow expands as the fabric comes and goes from one building to another. The Murai dye factory in Tokyo (No. 4) is located in a small corner lot. The water tank and the scaffold are stacked as a unified form, and the scenery of the fabrics hanging from there makes the landmark. In the Nihashi dye factory in Hamamatsu (No. 5), all the process are completed inside the building. The variety of roof shapes are shown instead of the equipment being exposed. The building of the Nakani dye factory in Osaka (No. 6) is piled up over the entire site instead of spreading, and the scaffold in the middle makes a distinguishing characteristic of the site.</p><p> </p><p> The results stated above are the re-examining of the things, the architecture in which things are produced, the city, and the natural environment. The re-establishment of the relationship between the region and the things, which have been divided by industries since modern times, has a significant value.</p>

There are many buildings built of Oya-stone in Utsunomiya city, Tochigi prefecture, where Oya town, the diggings of Oya-stone, is located. Especially at Nishine district in Tokujirou town, where Tokujira-stone of green tuff same as Oya-stone was dug, there are many storehouses built of these stones and peculiar townscape can be seen. It is considered that architectural culture with locality can be found in these buildings with local materials through building industries and technologies. In recent years, some of these stone-buildings have been demolished and decreased, because chance of use has decreased and the owners have changed to their child generation. Therefore, preservation of the buildings and townscape are required. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristic types of the stone-buildings and the townscape with features of local materials and technologies through investigation and typological analysis. Firstly, we found 62 stone-buildings at 22 sites in Nishine district. Almost 60 percent of the buildings are built of stone. Moreover, features of stone buildings were examined such as construction age, number of stories, function of buildings, construction method of stone, finishing and joints of stone, decoration of windows, position of entrance and roof form. Construction method of stones was mainly classified to laying stones, cladding stones and foundation stones. Functions of buildings were mainly classified to &ldquo;Kura&rdquo;; a storehouse for belongings with closed door, &ldquo;Naya&rdquo;; a storehouse for agricultural instrument or garage with wide openings on the ground floor, &ldquo;Omoya&rdquo;; a main residence and &ldquo;Hanare&rdquo;; a subsidiary residence. Through these features, the 6 types of stone-buildings were analyzed. They are namely &ldquo;Two story-cladding stone-Kura&rdquo; (A) which was built in old period like Meiji era with roofing tile of stone, &ldquo;One story-laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1) which is the most simple building, &ldquo;One story-laying stone-Kura&rdquo; (B-2) which is relatively few in this district, &ldquo;Two story-laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (C-1) and &ldquo;Two story-laying stone-Kura&rdquo; (C-2) which are popular in this district, &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Naya&rdquo; (D-1) and &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Omoya&rdquo; (D-2) which is a typical rural residence with half-hipped-roof. Secondly, the composition of sites was analyzed through layout of stone-buildings and relationship to the main highway. As a result, there was a tendency that the stone-buildings are located in the front part of the sites which face to the highway. Moreover, boundary elements such as stone-fence or hedge and elements in the inner part of the sites such as stone-gate or small stone-shrine were examined. Finally, the townscape along the highway was analyzed through the types of stone-buildings and the compositions of sites. As a result, we found 3 characteristic types of townscape. In the west side of the entrance of highway (I), the townscape is covered with hedge in front of &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Omoya&rdquo; (D-2) and so on. In the west middle of the highway (II), &ldquo;Laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1, C-1) with stone-fence are located in the front part of the sites and multiple types of stone-building are located in the inner part of the sites. In addition, stone-gates and stone-shrines are located in the deepest part of the several sites, therefore, the townscape with depth are formed in this area. In the east middle of the highway (III), where stone-fence continues along three sites in a row, &ldquo;Two story-cladding stone-Kura&rdquo; (A) with decorated windows and &ldquo;Laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1, C-1) are located in the front part of the sites. Therefore, continuous stone fa&ccedil;ade becomes the center of the townscape along the highway.

The aim of this paper is to clarify characteristics of contemporary Japanese urban exterior space in terms of their spatial composition with surrounding environments. Initially the spaces enclosed by building volumes are extracted as 'vacant lands' in the center district of Tokyo, and their spatial articulation are analyzed as 'closure pattern'. Secondly their accesses from streets are analyzed as 'street pattern', and thirdly their functional characteristics are analyzed. Finally 13 spatial types are clarified through the above-mentioned patterns and characteristics. By comparing those types, they are structured in relationship with 5 fundamental models which represent urban agglomeration of the contemporary Japanese city.