丸山 喜久

In exploring the relationship between ground-level road damage ratios and tsunami inundation depths following the 2011 Pacific Coast Tohoku earthquake in Japan, we focused on road damage components, excluding elevated roads, bridges, and tunnels. The damage ratio is defined as the number of damage incidents per kilometer. We used the damage dataset compiled by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. We propose four fragility function zones for ground-level roads based on differences in topographical features. We studied these zones based on numerical simulation results of tsunami propagation.

<p>本研究は, 東京湾北部地震における東京23区の木造建物の解体棟数を予測することを目的としている．まず, 神戸市企画調整局から提供された兵庫県南部地震後にまとめられた震災復興データアーカイブ内の建物データを用いて, 木造建物の地震時の解体損傷度を推定した．推定された兵庫県南部地震の際の解体損傷度と, 川口ら（2013）による新潟県中越地震時の解体損傷度を比較し, 解体損傷度の地震間の整合性に関して検討した．さらに, 東京湾北部地震を対象として, 東京23区の木造建物の解体棟数を予測した．</p>

<p>熊本洋学校教師館ジェーンズ邸は県指定の重要文化財であり，2016年熊本地震の強震動の作用によって倒壊した．本研究では，倒壊地点における地震動を明らかにすることを目的とし，倒壊地点等において余震観測を実施した．得られた記録を分析したところ，倒壊地点に作用した地震動は，近傍のガバナ内に西部ガス (株) が設置している観測点 (水前寺ガバナ) で得られた前震・本震記録と同等程度であることが明らかとなった．さらに，サイト増幅特性置換手法に基づき倒壊地点における前震時・本震時の地震動を推定し，その際，水前寺ガバナでの観測記録を用いて地震動推定手法の適用性を検証した．</p>

本研究では，スマートフォンで計測した自動車の上下加速度を用いて路面凹凸を評価する数理モデルを構築した．ロジスティック回帰分析とサポートベクトルマシンの2種類の機械学習手法に基づき，国際ラフネス指数（IRI）が12 mm/m以上の区間を抽出する数理モデルを構築することを目的とした．数理モデルの構築に使用していないデータを用いて，2種類の手法による数理モデルの判定精度を評価したところ，ロジスティック回帰分析の方が良好な結果を示した．さらに，路面不良区間が誤判定される原因として，スマートフォンで加速度を取得するときの車速が影響していることが分かった．

The 2011 Tohoku event showed the massive destruction potential of tsunamis. The Euro-Japan "Risk assessment and design of prevention structures for enhanced tsunami disaster resilience (RAPSODI)" project aimed at using data from the event to evaluate tsunami mitigation strategies and to validate a framework for a quantitative tsunami mortality risk analysis. Coastal structures and mitigation strategies against tsunamis in Europe and Japan are compared. Failure mechanisms of coastal protection structures exposed to tsunamis are discussed based on field data. Knowledge gaps on failure modes of different structures under different tsunami loading conditions are identified. Results of the wave-flume laboratory experiments on rubble mound breakwaters are used to assess their resilience against tsunami impact. For the risk analysis, high-resolution digital elevation data are applied for the inundation modeling. The hazard is represented by the maximum flow depth, the exposure is described by the location of the population, and the mortality is a function of flow depth and building vulnerability. A thorough search for appropriate data on the 2011 Tohoku tsunami was performed. The results of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami mortality hindcast for the city of Ishinomaki substantiate that the tsunami mortality risk model can help to identify high-mortality risk areas and the main risk drivers.

本研究では、津波が発生した際の自動車運転を体験できるドライビングシミュレータを用いて、自動車による避難実験を行った。このドライビングシミュレータには、神奈川県鎌倉市を想定した津波遡上CGが搭載されており、津波数値解析結果が3次元都市モデル内で生成される。避難実験は、カーナビによる経路案内や、津波ハザードマップを走行中に表示するシナリオを用いることとし、被験者の避難行動を、浸水情報の周知、経路案内の有無などに着目し、シナリオ間で比較した。さらに、運転者への情報提供が津波時の避難行動にもたらす効果および問題点を検討した。実験の結果から、自動車の津波避難成功率を高めるには周囲の交通状況に応じた推奨避難経路を提供することが最も望ましいと考えられるが、その実現は短期的には難しく、道路標識等を活用する、地域内で自動車避難の優先順位付けをする、防災教育を充実するなど、多角的な取り組みが重要と考えられる。

千葉県我孫子市布佐地区は、2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震(<i>M</i><sub>W</sub>9.0)、2011年茨城県沖地震(<i>M</i><sub>J</sub>7.6)、2011年福島県浜通り地震(<i>M</i><sub>J</sub>7.0)による強震動の作用を受けており、現地における地盤災害の分析などのためにも、当該地震における布佐地区での地震動を事後評価することは非常に重要である。本研究では、布佐地区内での常時微動計測および地震観測の結果などに基づいて、布佐地区におけるサイト特性を評価した。そして、サイト特性置換手法を用いて布佐地区における工学的基盤相当での地震動を推定した。その結果、布佐地区の地盤に作用した地震動は、布佐地区に最も近い利根町役場で得られた観測記録よりも大きかった可能性が高いと考えられる。

2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震では，東京ガス（株）の供給エリアで耐震性の劣る低圧ガス導管に被害が発生した．防災システムSUPREMEが確実に稼働したことで安全を確保するとともに，この地震に関する多くのデータを得た．SUPREMEの被害推定式は，ネジ継手を有する本支管に対して精度が高いことが既往研究によって確認された．一方，供給管や灯外内管に関しては，SI値と被害率の関係性がやや異なっていた．そこで，本研究では，供給管の被害率とSI値との関係性を評価し，被害予測式を構築する．さらに，本支管の被害を継手ごとに整理し，被害予測式の地形補正係数に関する評価を行い，被害推定の高度化を図る．

本研究では地震時の高速道路の復旧日数を推定することを目的とし，多重ロジスティック回帰分析を用いて復旧予測のためのロジットモデルを構築した．2004年新潟県中越地震，2007年新潟県中越沖地震，2008年岩手・宮城内陸地震，2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震の際の高速道路の開通までに要した日数をもとに，復旧予測モデルの構築に関する検討を行った．ROC曲線に基づきモデルの精度の検証を行い，復旧予測モデルに適している関数形を定めた．さらに，構築した復旧予測モデルを南海トラフ巨大地震の基本ケースに適用し，復旧日数の推定を行った．

本研究では，2005年千葉県北西部地震の際に東京ガスのリアルタイム地震防災システムSUPREMEが高密度に観測した地表面地震記録と，強震動予測により求めた工学的基盤（露頭）波を用いて，表層地盤の増幅特性を推定し，SUPREMEが搭載している広域地盤データと比較した．この結果，広域地盤データから推定される地盤増幅特性は，供給エリアの広範で概ね適切であるものと評価された．さらに，2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震を対象に増幅特性を推定した既往研究と比較しても，その整合性が確認された．

本研究では東北地方太平洋沖地震の際の津波による平面道路被害を分析した．津波の浸水深と道路被害率の関係は地形的特徴により異なると考えられるため，被災地を地形ごとに区分した上で被害率を算出し，4パターンの被害推定式を提案した．さらに，東北地方太平洋沖地震の津波数値シミュレーションを行い，対象地の津波流速の特徴を分析することによって，本研究の地形区分を考察した．本研究で提案する平面道路被害推定式を用いて，最終的には南海トラフにおける巨大地震などの被害想定を行うことを目標とする．

This study developed a numerical model to estimate the restoration time of expressways after an earthquake. A series of logistic regression analyses was performed based on a dataset obtained after recent earthquakes in Japan: the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake, the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake, the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. The distribution of the Japan Meteorological Agency's (JMA) seismic intensity, the length of expressway, and the moment magnitude of the earthquake were selected as significant variables to predict the restoration time. The model constructed in this study had an excellent discriminating ability based on the assessment of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The model was applied to estimate the restoration time of expressways after a scenario earthquake that may occur in the Nankai trough. A restoration time of greater than two weeks was predicted in areas where severe ground shaking might be observed.

2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震では、東日本の広い範囲で水道施設に被害が発生し、約230万戸が断水した。本研究では、厚生労働省が2012年にとりまとめた東日本大震災水道施設被害状況調査報告書で用いられた水道事業体ごとの管理被害データを用いて、広域的な被害分析を行う。導水管、送水管、配水管の被害を分析対象とし、管路延長データは平成23年度水道統計から取得した。既往の管路被害予測式と比較を行い、東北地方太平洋沖地震の際の管路被害の特徴を明らかにした。

本研究では，国土交通省がとりまとめた首都圏の鉄道事業者30社を対象とするアンケート調査にもとづく東北地方太平洋沖地震発生時の鉄道の運休状況と，大都市交通センサス，都市交通年報にもとづいた鉄道輸送人員を比較することにより，東北地方太平洋沖地震の際の鉄道不通による影響人数を推定した．さらに，Vehicle Information and Communication System(VICS)によって観測された東京都区内の車両渋滞長を分析，比較することにより，地震発生の際の鉄道不通に伴う道路交通需要を推定した．

本研究では，2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震における仙台市といわき市を対象として，これまでに提案された4種類の配水管被害予測式による予測結果と被害実績の比較検討を行うことにより被害予測精度を検証するとともに，被害予測式や予測式で使用する各種補正係数に関する改善点を整理した．さらに，これまでに提案された一つの被害予測式を取上げ，管種・口径補正係数，地形・液状化補正係数を適切に修正することにより，被害箇所数や被害発生位置の予測精度の改善が可能であることを示した．

鳴瀬川堤防では，既往の大規模地震(1978年宮城県沖地震，2003年宮城県北部の地震，2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震)において深刻な被害が繰返し発生している．そこで本研究では，中小地震観測や常時微動計測などを行い，得られた記録に基づいて鳴瀬川堤防沿いの個別地点における経験的サイト増幅・位相特性を評価し，特性化震源モデルを用いた強震波形計算を行うことで，鳴瀬川堤防沿いでの地震動を推定した．さらに，推定地震動の分布に基づいて，推定地震動による指標値と被災実績の関係について統計的な分析を行い，河川堤防の被害関数となるフラジリティカーブを構築した．その結果，河川堤防において車両走行に支障のある被害を生じ始めるのは，SI値で15cm/s程度，気象庁計測震度で4.6～4.7程度となった．

本研究ではグラフ理論の一つであるスペースシンタックス理論を用いて緊急輸送道路をグラフ化，統合値を算出し，災害時に物資を集積する拠点の配置場所を提案することを目的とした．東日本大震災の際に行われた「くしの歯作戦」および岩手県の後方支援拠点の選定の事例をスペースシンタックス理論により評価した．この結果を南海トラフ巨大地震の危険性が高い四国地方および高知県に対して適用し，高知県において後方支援拠点と同様の性質を持つ広域物資拠点の設置場所に関する検討を行った．

© 2014 Fuji Technology Press. All rights reserved. The seismic vulnerability of buildings located in Pisco, Peru, was studied using damage survey data and seismic ground motion simulation. Inventory and damage information for more than 10,000 buildings was registered in survey data compiled by CISMID at Peru’s National University of Engineering. The soil classes in the Pisco district were classified into three zones based on the predominant periods of microtremors at 85 sites, and damage ratios were calculated for each zone. Surface ground motions in each zone were estimated on the basis of base-rock motion simulation and shallow soil-column response analysis. Finally, fragility curves for adobe and brickmasonry buildings were derived in terms of PGA and PGV. The results were compared with fragility functions developed in other studies.

Even though detailed building inventory data are necessary for estimating earthquake damage reliably, most developing countries do not have sufficient data for such estimations. This necessitates a way for finding building distribution and feature easily. In this study for estimating the number of households in all building categories of different structures or floor numbers in Lima, Peru, where a great earthquake is expected, we propose an estimation method based on existing GIS data from a census, satellite imagery, and building data from field surveys, and apply it to estimate the entire area of Lima for create building inventory data. Building fragility functions were used to calculate a severe damage ratio of buildings due to the expected earthquake. The rate was multiplied by created building inventory data to estimate the number of households in damaged buildings. Furthermore we clarified damage reduction by retrofitting for low earthquake-resistant buildings.

The experimental results of four full-scale confined masonry (CM) walls subjected to cycling loading are presented. These structural elements are widely used in low- and mid-rise buildings in Peru to take the vertical and lateral loads. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the cyclic behavior of CM walls constructed with handmade bricks and lime mortar. The brick units used in the walls were made of clay, and they were considered to be solid components. In the experiment, the dimensions of all the walls were kept constant in all specimens, but the reinforcement ratios of the confining elements (bond beam and tie-columns) were changed. The structural behaviors were examined in terms of the strength, lateral stiffness, dissipated energy, and equivalent viscous damping. Finally, an equivalent macro-model based on an equivalent strut approach with a smooth hysteretic model was calibrated and validated in order to reproduce the behaviors of the CM walls. For this purpose, we used a genetic algorithm (GA) that considered the experimental results of a CM wall. The parameters were applied to the results of the other CM walls to evaluate their applicability. The results of numerical simulations showed good agreement with the experimental results. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Serious damage due to ground liquefaction occurred in Urayasu City, located in the coastal area around Tokyo Bay, during to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M-w 9.0). In particular, extensive liquefaction was observed in the Imagawa District of Urayasu City. In order to investigate the mechanism of damage and to establish appropriate countermeasures, it is very important to evaluate the strong ground motion in the Imagawa District. For this purpose, aftershock observations and microtremor measurements were carried out in and around the Imagawa District. Then, site effects in the Imagawa District were evaluated based on the microtremor H/V spectral ratios and the aftershock records. (C) 2014 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The buildings that collapsed during the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake are detected based on aerial photogrammetry using digital aerial images. The digital surface models (DSMs) in the area where severe damage to buildings was observed after the earthquake are constructed using digital aerial camera images. Pre- and post-event aerial images are employed to obtain the DSMs in this study. The differences in building heights between the pre- and post-event models are considered to detect collapsed buildings and the accuracy of the method is discussed in this paper. The results indicate that the collapsed buildings can be detected and undamaged buildings can also be correctly recognized by the proposed method.

2011年3月に発生した東北地方太平洋沖地震では，都市ガスや上下水道などの地中埋設管に多数の被害が生じた．とくに宮城県仙台市では約23万戸の断水が発生し，水道管被害の多くは丘陵地を造成した人工改変地に集中した．管路被害予測式では，地震動強さの関数である標準被害率曲線に各種の補正係数を乗じることにより，被害率を算出している．しかしながら，自治体の地震被害想定等では，改変地形の考慮が必ずしも充分ではないことがある．本研究では，東日本大震災により被害を受けた宮城県仙台市を対象地として水道管被害の分析を行い，丘陵の造成地の影響を考慮する方法を提案する．なお，補正係数の値に関しては，他地域の事例も併せて分析したうえで設定すべきものと考えられる．

本研究では，神奈川県鎌倉市を対象地域として，自動車運転中に津波の発生から運転車両が冠水するまでを体験することができるドライビングシミュレータを開発した．津波数値解析の波源モデルとしては，神奈川県が津波浸水予測図の作成に使用しているものを仮定した．解析結果をVR空間へ入力し座標設定を行うことで，津波遡上シナリオが生成される．これをドライビングシミュレータのシナリオとして搭載し，10人の被験者による本格実験に向けた予備実験を行った．構築したシナリオは本格実験へ適用できるものと考えられるが，避難中の歩行者や周辺の道路交通流の反映などの課題も明らかとなった．

本研究では，2005年千葉県北西部地震，2009年駿河湾沖地震，2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震の際に東京ガスのリアルタイム地震防災システム"SUPREME"が高密度に観測した地表面地震記録および首都圏地震観測網（MeSO-net）による東北地方太平洋沖地震の際の地下20mでの地中地震記録を用いて，東京都の地盤増幅度や地盤震動特性を推定し，SUPREMEの広域地盤データと比較した．この結果，SUPREMEの地盤増幅度は東京都の大部分で適切に評価されているが，東京都東部については20m以深の地盤データを考慮することで，より妥当な地盤増幅率が設定できるものと考えられる．

Transportation systems in the eastern part of Japan were suspended after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The earthquake, which occurred at 14:46 JST, resulted in the interruption of almost all railway services in Tokyo until the next day. There was a significant increase in road traffic the day after the earthquake and congestions were observed all over the city. The present study on the causes of the temporary traffic congestions was based on the analysis of probe-car data collected from approximately 2600 taxis. We also analyzed the traffic demands of Tokyo and compared the results with the probe-car data to simulate the road traffic volume in the city after the earthquake.

The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake with the moment magnitude of 9.0 caused severe damage to lifeline systems. This study focuses on the seismically induced damage to water distribution pipeline in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture. The inventory of water distribution pipeline and the locations of pipe breaks compiled by the Sendai City Waterworks Bureau were employed in this study. The numbers of damage to vinyl pipes (VP) and ductile cast iron pipes (DIP) were 297 and 117, respectively. The seismically induced damage to water distribution pipelines concentrated in the hilly residential areas developed with cutting and leveling the hills and then filling the valleys for the past several ten years. This study investigates the relationship between the damage ratio of water distribution pipeline and ground motion intensity in Sendai City after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The correction coefficient for the developed hill area is proposed to predict the number of pipe breaks of water distribution pipeline.

In this study, an analytical approach was adopted to construct fragility functions for mid-rise Peruvian buildings with thin RC walls. Thin RC walls are the main structural components that support vertical and lateral loads. This structural system is typically used in Lima, Peru since 1998. The main characteristics of these structural components are the use of electro-welded wire mesh as main reinforcement instead of conventional bars and its thin thickness. The geometrical model of mid-rise building was constructed based on the result of statistical analysis of real buildings. The numerical model was defined based on the results of experiments. A series of nonlinear dynamic response analyses was performed using ground motion records during the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake. The damage ratios were estimated with respect to four damage states, and the fragility functions were obtained assuming that the damage ratios follow lognormal distributions. Finally, a weighted mean damage state was estimated to evaluate the performance of the structures. The results show that the use of electrowelded wire mesh is acceptable in terms of seismic performance because the buildings will perform appropriately according to the Peruvian seismic design standard.

The experimental results of seven full-scale thin RC shear walls subjected to cycling loading are presented. The objective of these experiments is to evaluate the use of electro-welded wire mesh as the main reinforcement instead of a conventional reinforcement. Six walls are equipped with the electro-welded wire mesh, which is made of a non-ductile material, and one wall is reinforced with conventional bars, which are made of a ductile material. A single layer of main reinforcement is used in both directions. The edges of all walls are reinforced with conventional bars. These walls are widely used in low- and mid-rise buildings in central Peru, especially in Lima City. The structural behaviors are examined in terms of strength, stiffness, dissipated energy, and equivalent viscous damping. Finally, the "Three-parameter Park hysteretic model" is calibrated in order to reproduce the behaviors of the thin walls reinforced with the conventional reinforcement and electro welded-wire mesh. The parameters are applied to the results of the other walls reinforced by the electro-welded wire mesh. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Serious damage due to soil liquefaction occurred in a wide area of the Tohoku and the Kanto regions in Japan during 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M-W 9.0). The farthest liquefied site from the epicenter of the 2011 main shock is Ikenouchi, Minamiboso City, whose epicentral distance is approximately 440 km. Evaluation of strong ground motions at Ikenouchi is very important to understand why liquefaction was observed in such a far site. For this purpose, in-situ geotechnical investigations including aftershock observation were carried out at Ikenouchi. Then, the ground motions at Ikenouchi during the 2011 main shock was estimated based on the site-effect substitution method considering the microtremor H/V spectral ratios and the aftershock observation results. Finally, 3-D effective stress analyses were carried out using a FEM code 'FLIP' to understand how site-specific characteristics of strong ground motions affected the behavior of the ground including liquefaction. A striking feature of the estimated waveforms at the target site is that the waveforms include a much larger number of cycles compared to the records at permanent observation stations around the target site. Such a site-specific feature of strong ground motions was one of the main causes of the occurrence of liquefaction 440 km away from the epicenter. The result suggests the importance of taking into account not only soil properties but also site-specific characteristics of strong ground motions for a rational assessment of liquefaction for future large earthquakes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku-oki earthquake triggered an extremely large tsunami. The authors conducted a field survey in Asahi City, Chiba Prefecture, after the occurrence of the earthquake. Although located farther away from the source region of the earthquake, there was still significant damage in this area. Tsunami-inundated areas in Asahi City were identified from the map developed by disaster relief volunteers and the satellite images captured after the event. Polygons to demonstrate the tsunami-inundated areas were developed in the geographic information system. The authors compared the identified affected areas with the existing tsunami hazard map of Asahi City. The relationship between the tsunami-inundated areas and the locations of seawalls and tide-prevention forests was evaluated. In addition, a numerical simulation of tsunami propagation was performed and the ratio of totally collapsed buildings to the total number of buildings, that is, damage ratio, in terms of the estimated inundation depths was evaluated.

津波災害の新たな評価指標として，津波被害関数の構築とその高度化が検討されている．本研究では，津波を引き起こすと考えられる歴史地震を想定した千葉県内の建物被害を評価するため，津波被害関数を新たに構築した．津波被害関数は，東北地方太平洋沖地震津波における千葉県旭市の建物被害データと津波数値解析の結果から，建物が晒される浸水深等とその被害率の関係を確率分布関数によって表現した．さらに，主に千葉県や神奈川県が実施している津波被害想定に使用されている津波波源モデルを利用した津波数値解析を行い，各地震津波による千葉県内の被害建物棟数を推定し，被害の傾向を分析した．

本研究では，東北地方太平洋沖地震の前震，本震およびそれに誘発されて発生したとされる2地震で観測されたK-NET，KiK-netの地震記録を使用して，速度応答スペクトルの距離減衰式を構築し，それによって得られる地点補正項を用いて地盤増幅特性の推定を行った．地点補正スペクトルとKiK-net観測点の地中と地表間の伝達関数を比較したところ，地点補正スペクトルが地盤増幅特性の推定に有効であることが示された．さらに，地点補正スペクトルを全国を網羅する地盤データとして整備されている微地形区分や平均S波速度に関して整理を行い，地盤増幅特性を広域に均質なデータで評価するための基礎的検討を行った．

This study estimates the number of demolished wooden houses after the scenario Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake and the amount of associated debris in Metropolis of Tokyo. This study defines the damage index of wooden houses to predict the number of demolitions after the earthquake. The threshold value of damage index is determined based on the actual dataset after the 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake. Lastly, the amount of debris after the scenario earthquake in Metropolis of Tokyo is estimated and the treatment of debris is discussed.

<p>Transportation systems in the eastern part of Japan were suspended after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The earthquake, which occurred at 14:46 JST, resulted in the interruption of almost all railway services in Tokyo until the next day. There was a significant increase in road traffic the day after the earthquake and congestions were observed all over the city. This study investigates the relationship between the average travel speed of vehicles estimated from the probe-car data and the average length of traffic congestion obtained from Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS). Employing the relationships, the travel speeds of vehicles during Typhoon Roke on Sep. 21, 2011 were estimated.</p>

<p>In this paper, seismic vulnerability of buildings located in Pisco, Peru, is studied using damage survey data and simulated seismic ground motions. In the survey data by CISMID at National University of Engineering, Peru, the inventory and damage information of 10,000 or more lots was registered. The subsurface soil property in Pisco city was divided into three zones based on the predominant periods of microtremor at 85 sites, and the damage ratio at each zone was calculated. Furthermore, the seismic ground motion in each zone was estimated from simulated bedrock motion and the 1D transfer functions of the surface soil. Finally, the fragility curves for adobe and brickmasonry buildings were derived in terms of PGA and PGV, and compared with those from previous researches.</p>

<p>Damage estimation for scenario earthquakes is conducted by local governments for emergency response planning. However, local governments usually do not possess detailed data of utility pipelines and hence, they generally estimate the distribution of pipeline length. A problem of this approach is that the accuracy of pipeline length estimation is not so high. This study tries to perform the estimation of water-pipeline data for more accurate earthquake damage assessments. The method to estimate the pipeline length is proposed from road network data by using GIS for densely inhabited districts (DIDs). But outside of DIDs, buildings data must be introduced in addition to road network data as parameters to estimate water-pipeline lengths in grid cells.</p>

Tsunami fragility functions were developed to assess tsunami-related damage to buildings. The fragility functions were expressed with respect to inundation depth, current velocity, and hydrodynamic force in order to predict damage ratios of buildings. The fragility functions were constructed using numerical simulation results of tsunami propagation and a building damage dataset compiled by Asahi City after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami. Asahi City, Chiba Prefecture, suffered serious damage after this earthquake. Employing the fragility function with respect to inundation depth, the numbers of damaged buildings in Chiba Prefecture were estimated assuming the occurrence of two historical earthquakes. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Hyperspectral remote sensing makes it possible to obtain detailed spectral information of surface objects. Using airborne hyperspectral (HS) data acquired over Houston, Texas, USA, provided by the 2013 IEEE data fusion contest, the spectral reflectance characteristics of surface materials were investigated. A multispectral (MS) image acquired by WorldView-2 satellite was also introduced and it was compared with the HS image. A field measurement using a handheld spectroradiometer (EKO MS-720) was also carried out by the present authors. The irradiances of surface materials obtained by the measurement were also compared with the digital numbers of the 144 HS bands. Finally supervised classification was conducted for the HS and MS data and their results were discussed.

In this study, the characteristics of site amplification at seismic observation stations in Japan were estimated using the attenuation relationship of each station's response spectrum. Ground motion records observed after the 32 events were employed to construct the attenuation relationship. At KiK-net stations, the station correction factor at each station was compared to the transfer functions between the base rock and the surface. For each station, the plot of the station correction factor versus period was similar in shape to the graphs of the transfer function (amplitude ratio versus period). Therefore, the station correction factors are effective for evaluating site amplifications considering the period of ground shaking. In addition, the station correction factors were evaluated with respect to geomorphologic classifications and average S-wave velocities using a geographic information system (GIS) dataset. Lastly, the site amplifications for specific periods were estimated throughout Japan.

This paper presents the results of a field survey conducted by the authors after the 2010 Chile earthquake. The authors visited the affected area about a month after the earthquake. The usefulness of satellite images captured after the earthquake to detect damaged buildings in Concepcion is discussed, compared with the field photos taken by the authors. GIS datasets for the damage levels of buildings in Talca and the tsunami-inundated areas in Talcahuano, Dichato, and Constitucion are constructed in this study. The GIS dataset for the damage levels of buildings in Talca is compared with the satellite images, and the possibility of detecting damage to adobe houses is investigated. Further, a series of fundamental analyses are performed using a digital elevation model (DEM) that is constructed from ASTER images (ERSDAC 2009), and the usefulness of the DEM is evaluated comparing with the field survey results. [DOI: 10.1193/1.4000023]