浦尾 悠子

The purposes of the current study are two-fold. Study 1 aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in a Taiwanese sample. Study 2 aimed to explore the immediate and follow-up effects of Journey of the Brave Counseling Program (JBCP) on children's' anxiety, well-being, and life adjustment. A review and suggestions were provided for future research and practitioners in educational and counseling fields as reference. In Study 1, the pilot study included 150 to 200 children between ages 11 and 12 in Taoyuan City. In Study 2, we conducted a pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experimental design. The participants in this stage were 16 children in an elementary school in Taoyuan City, between ages 11 and 12. After obtaining consent forms from the participants' guardians, we randomly assigned these participants to an experimental group (N = 8) and a control group (N = 8). The experimental group received a 40-minute JBCP session weekly for ten weeks. The control group received a 40-minute career exploration small group counseling weekly for ten weeks. We administered the SCAS, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and School Life Adjustment Scale in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test to measure change of anxiety, well-being, and life adjustment of the participants. In addition, the current study implemented some qualitative data, such as group progress notes, group member feedback questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with participants' homeroom teachers as supplementary data to clarify the effects of the JBCP. In Study 1, we found that the SCAS had a good validity and reliability for Taiwanese children. The results of Study 2 indicated that the JBCP had immediate and follow-up effects on the separation anxiety in the experimental group. With the pretest impact eliminated, the immediate and follow-up effects on overall anxiety in the experimental group were better than those on the control group. However, even though the immediate and follow-up effects of the JBCP on the experimental group were better than the control group but were not significant. Besides, the group member feedback questionnaires and participants' homeroom teachers all indicated that the experimental group participants had positive attitude toward the JBCP, and they also positively improved their emotions and interpersonal relationships with others.

The present article reviews the current status of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for anxiety and depression in Japanese youth. First, a literature review of youth CBT programs for anxiety and depression is provided. Through this process, we identify which program/protocol has been most researched within Japan. Second, through a systematic interview to the authors, the development process of four predominant programs is outlined. The programs included were a family CBT program for anxiety disorders (the Japanese Anxiety Children/Adolescents Cognitive Behavior Therapy program), two school-based prevention programs for anxiety and depression (Journey of the Brave and Phoenix Time), and a transdiagnostic protocol for anxiety and depression (Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents). Third, cultural adaptation and modification of the programs are discussed from the scope of user-centered design principles as described by Lyon and Koerner (Sci Pract 23:180-200, 2016). As a result, changes in program content and material, as represented by the use of culture-friendly program names, acronyms, illustrations, and characters were endorsed in all of the programs. Structured but flexible session formats helped increase learnability and efficiency while keeping the cognitive load of providers and consumers low. A careful selection of providers, as well as quality training and consultation are important factors to maximize competency and ensure appropriate implementation. Application of existing time frames and staff who work in each setting were effective ways to increase scalability. Overall, it was shown that many of the modifications adopted overlap among successful programs; these represent the most basic and essential requirements for a program to be applicable to a wide range of contexts. Implications and further directions are explored.

BACKGROUND: Although several school-based cognitive behavioural intervention programmes have been developed in Japan to prevent and improve children's anxiety disorders, the substantial time required for their completion remains a problem. METHODS: A brief version of the cognitive behavioural programme called 'Journey of the Brave', developed for Japanese children was conducted among 90 children aged 10‒11 years using 20-min short classroom activities, and its effectiveness was examined. The children were divided into two groups: the intervention (n = 31) and control groups (n = 59). The control group did not attend any programme sessions and followed regular school curriculum. We conducted 14 weekly programme sessions and assessed children at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up (6 months after the beginning). The primary and secondary outcome measures were the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) to assess children's anxiety symptoms and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to measure behaviour problems, respectively. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in the SCAS score in the intervention group was found at 2-month follow-up compared with the control group. A significant reduction was also observed in the SDQ score. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the 'Journey of the Brave' programme, which requires only 5 h of short classroom activities, demonstrates promising results compared with previous programmes. A larger randomised control trial would be desirable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN, UMIN000009021, Registered 10 March 2012.

<title>Abstract</title>The child anxiety impact scale-parent version (CAIS-P) is a useful measure to assess the impact of anxiety on a child’s daily life; however, a Japanese version of the CAIS-P has not been developed, and whether the CAIS-P can be utilized in Eastern countries remains unascertained. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the CAIS-P and examine its reliability and validity. Parents of 400 children (aged 7 to 15 years) from the Japanese community completed the CAIS-P. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the original CAIS-P, consisting of school activity, social activity, and home/family activity factors, provided a good fit for the Japanese version of the CAIS-P. Estimated Spearman’s correlation coefficients showed moderate correlations between the total and factor scores of the CAIS-P, anxiety symptoms (Spence Child Anxiety Scale-parent version), and depressive symptoms (Child Depression Inventory). Furthermore, the item response theory model revealed that each factor of the CAIS-P is a high information reliable measure for children with high trait anxiety. These results provide support for the Japanese version of the CAIS-P’s factorial validity, convergent validity, and reliability and its potential for application in child anxiety research in Japan.

BACKGROUND: There is a good deal of evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy is effective for children and adolescents with anxiety-related problems. In Japan, an anxiety prevention programme based on cognitive behavioural therapy called 'Journey of the Brave' has been developed, and it has been demonstrated to be effective for elementary school students (aged 10-11 years). The purpose of this study was to have classroom teachers deliver the programme to junior high school students (aged 12-13 years) and to test the feasibility and efficacy of the programme in this setting. METHODS: This study was a prospective observational study and was approved by the Chiba University Review Board. An intervention group consisting of six classes of students in their first year of junior high school at two different schools (n = 149; 81 boys, 68 girls) received seven 50-min programme sessions. Participants in the control group were recruited from four classes of students in their second year of junior high school at one school (n = 89; 51 boys, 38 girls). All participants completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale at pre-test, post-test, and 2-3 month follow-up. Statistical analysis was conducted using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures model. RESULTS: Mean total anxiety scores indicated a non-significant decrease at the 2-3 month follow-up for the intervention group compared to the control group. The group differences on the SCAS from baseline to post-test was - .71 (95% CI - 2.48 to 1.06, p = .43), and the 2-3 month follow-up was - .49 (95% CI - 2.60 to 1.61, p = .64). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, implementation of the programme confirmed the partial feasibility of the programme but did not elicit a significant reduction in anxiety scores. In addition, there are several methodological limitations to this study. In the future, we propose to test the feasibility and efficacy of the programme with the required sample size and by comparing groups with equal characteristics as well as by carrying out additional follow-up assessments.Trial registration UMIN000032517.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line treatment for adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patients in rural areas can access CBT via the internet. The effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) has been consistently shown, but no clinical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of ICBT with real-time therapist support via videoconference for OCD, PD, and SAD at the same time. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of videoconference-delivered CBT for patients with OCD, PD, or SAD. METHODS: A total of 30 Japanese participants (mean age 35.4 years, SD 9.2) with OCD, SAD, or PD received 16 sessions of individualized videoconference-delivered CBT with real-time support of a therapist, using tablet personal computer (Apple iPad Mini 2). Treatment involved individualized CBT formulations specific to the presenting diagnosis; all sessions were provided by the same therapist. The primary outcomes were reduction in symptomatology, using the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) for OCD, Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) for PD, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) for SAD. The secondary outcomes included the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) for Quality of Life, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire for anxiety, and Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF). All primary outcomes were assessed at baseline and at weeks 1 (baseline), 8 (midintervention), and 16 (postintervention) face-to-face during therapy. The occurrence of adverse events was observed after each session. For the primary analysis comparing between pre- and posttreatments, the participants' points and 95% CIs were estimated by the paired t tests with the change between pre- and posttreatment. RESULTS: A significant reduction in symptom of obsession-compulsion (Y-BOCS=-6.2; Cohen d=0.74; 95% CI -9.4 to -3.0, P=.002), panic (PDSS=-5.6; Cohen d=0.89; 95% CI -9.83 to -1.37; P=.02), social anxiety (LSAS=-33.6; Cohen d=1.10; 95% CI -59.62 to -7.49, P=.02) were observed. In addition, depression (PHQ-9=-1.72; Cohen d=0.27; 95% CI -3.26 to -0.19; P=.03) and general anxiety (GAD-7=-3.03; Cohen d=0.61; 95% CI -4.57 to -1.49, P<.001) were significantly improved. Although there were no significant changes at 16 weeks from baseline in EQ-5D (0.0336; Cohen d=-0.202; 95% CI -0.0198 to 0.00869; P=.21), there were high therapeutic alliance (ie, WAI-SF) scores (from 68.0 to 73.7) throughout treatment, which significantly increased (4.14; 95% CI 1.24 to 7.04; P=.007). Of the participants, 86% (25/29) were satisfied with videoconference-delivered CBT, and 83% (24/29) preferred videoconference-delivered CBT to face-to-face CBT. An adverse event occurred to a patient with SAD; the incidence was 3% (1/30). CONCLUSIONS: Videoconference-delivered CBT for patients with OCD, SAD, and SAD may be feasible and acceptable.

Background: The efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety related problems in children is empirically supported. In addition, universal anxiety prevention programmes based on CBT have been demonstrated in recent years. The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a CBT based original programme 'Journey of the Brave,' aiming to prevent anxiety disorders and anxiety-related problems for Japanese children aged 10-12 years old. Methods: Intervention groups from two classes of 5th grade elementary students (n = 41) received ten 45-min programme sessions. The control group was drawn from one class of 5th grade children (n = 31) from a nearby school. All participants completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) at pre, post, and 3 months follow-up. Mixed-effects model for repeated measures analysis was conducted. Results: The mean anxiety score on the SCAS for the intervention group was significantly reduced at both post intervention and 3 months follow-up compared with the control group. The group differences on the SCAS from baseline to post-test were - 5.321 (95% CI - 10.12 to - 0.523, p = 0.030), and at the 3-month follow-up were - 7.104 (95% CI - 11.90 to - 2.306, p = 0.004). Conclusions: The effectiveness of the anxiety prevention programme 'Journey of the Brave' was verified though this study using a quasi-experimental design on a small sample. Trial registration: UMIN000009021

本論文は、他人の前だけでなく娘や妹の前でも赤面を恐れる社交不安症の40代女性クライアントに対し、Clark & Wellsモデルによる認知行動療法を行った報告である。セッションの初期には「私は赤面するであろう」という認知を中心に扱い、赤面の状態を"ビデオフィードバック"で確認した。中期には「人は私の赤面に気づくだろう」という認知を扱い、チークで赤面の状態を作るという行動実験を行った。後期には「赤面によって私は人々に変だと思われるだろう」という認知を扱い、赤面に関する世論調査を行った。介入の結果、娘や妹との会話に抵抗がなくなり、社交場面を拡大することができた。フォローアップセッションでは、実際の就職面接場面等を用いて般化を図り、不安の低減につながった。(著者抄録)

国内の看護領域における認知行動療法(CBT)の実践・研究の動向を概括するために、文献レビューを行った。和文献の検索に、医中誌WebおよびCiNiiを用い、検索条件は表題か抄録に「看護」かつ「行動療法」「認知療法」「認知行動療法」のいずれかを含む雑誌論文とした。英文献の検索にはMEDLINE、CINAHL、PsychoINFOを用い、検索条件は表題か本文に「nurs*」を含み、かつ「behavio* therapy」or「cognitive therapy」or「cognitive behavio* therapy」と「Japan」を含むものとした。整理した結果、合計72文献が分析対象となり、そのうち事例研究が54件、効果研究が18件であった。レビューの結果、認知行動療法は、精神疾患を中心にさまざまな看護領域で活用され、その多くが入院環境下で実施されていることが明らかになった。効果研究では、看護職による認知行動療法が効果的との報告が多く見られた。実施中のスーパービジョンなど質の担保方法についての報告が少なかった。

本研究の目的は、癒し技法としてのタッチが、タッチ受け者とタッチ施行者にどのような効果をもたらすのかを明らかにすることである。20代の健康な女子学生8名に、ペアで交互にタッチを行ってもらった。タッチは、相手の呼吸を感じながら上背部に柔らかく手をあて、5分間手の感覚に意識を保持する方法とした。効果は、心拍、指先温度、POMS、質問紙によって測定した。心拍は変動解析により高周波成分(HF)、低周波成分(LF)、LF/HFを算出した。データ分析の結果、タッチを受けている間は、副交感神経活動の指標であるHFが安静時と比べて高く、一方、交感神経活動の指標であるLF/HFは、安静時と比べて低かった。またタッチを施行している間はLF/HFが低く、指先温度に上昇がみられていた。本結果は、癒し技法としてのタッチが、タッチ受け者にリラックス状態をもたらすこと、タッチ施行者に交感神経活動が低下した穏やかな状態をもたらすことを示唆すると考える。(著者抄録)