章 俊華

Small urban green spaces are abundant in densely populated urban areas, but little is known about their impact on the urban heat island effect and thermal comfort. Therefore, this study selected as research sites four small urban green spaces in a typical high-density built-up area, Chuo Ward in Tokyo, Japan. The ENVI-met software 5.1.1 simulation method was used to analyze these sites’ microclimate and thermal comfort conditions. The following are the results: (1) Small urban green spaces significantly reduce urban air temperatures, particularly during hot weather, with temperature reductions ranging from 2.40 °C to 2.67 °C, consistently lower than the highest temperatures in Tokyo’s Chuo Ward, mainly between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. (2) Thermal comfort analysis indicates that small urban green spaces can significantly improve urban thermal comfort during the day, particularly around noon, by reducing one or two thermal comfort levels compared to typical urban street blocks. However, these differences gradually diminish throughout the evening and night, and thermal comfort inside and outside green spaces becomes more uniform. (3) Green space size is not the only factor influencing thermal comfort; the layout of plants within the green space and the layout of the surrounding buildings also have an impact. Despite their small size, even small green spaces can significantly enhance comfort. This study highlights the need to promote urban sustainability through the extensive integration of small green spaces in dense urban environments. Small green spaces can serve as a high-frequency, low-cost solution for environmental sustainability by addressing the increasingly severe urban heat island effect as well as environmental challenges that in the urbanization process.

Urban Tourism Green Spaces (UTGSs) in Okinawa are the most frequented areas by tourists and are an important part of the area’s unique tourism image and brand value. This study selected 40 UTGSs in Ishigaki City, Okinawa, for comparative analysis before the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2009–December 2019) and during the strict control period (January 2020–December 2021). Data on tourist reviews were collected in Python. Correlations were collated through Pearson correlation tests. Text-mining methods were used to examine tourist reviews to characterise changes in tourists’ use and experience of UTGSs amid the extreme hardship experienced by tourist cities during the pandemic. Visitors expressed positive emotions towards the green space, particularly in post-pandemic times, despite disruptions and uncertainties caused by travel restrictions. Rather than focusing on water activities as before, visitors preferred exploring the island’s hinterland areas with low crowd density and seeking spiritual comfort in open public spaces. This highlights the potential of these areas to be developed as a new tourism resource. This study’s findings will provide valuable insights for urban planners and tourism operators in developing effective crisis response strategies and guiding the development of urban tourism areas towards more appealing and sustainable destinations.

We employed publicly available user-generated content (UGC) data from the website Tripadvisor and developed an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model using the R language to analyze the seasonality of the use of urban green space (UGS) in Okinawa under normal conditions and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The seasonality of the use of ocean-area UGS is primarily influenced by climatic factors, with the peak season occurring from April to October and the off-peak season from November to March. Conversely, the seasonality of the use of non-ocean-area UGS remains fairly stable throughout the year, with a relatively high number of visitors in January and May. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic greatly impacted visitor enthusiasm for travel, resulting in significantly fewer actual postings compared with predictions. During the outbreak, use of ocean-area UGS was severely restricted, resulting in even fewer postings and a negative correlation with the number of new cases. In contrast, for non-ocean-area UGS, a positive correlation was observed between the change in postings and the number of new cases. We offer several suggestions to develop UGS management in Okinawa, considering the opportunity for a period of recovery for the tourism industry.

Understanding the relationship between environmental features and perceptions of urban green spaces (UGS) is crucial for UGS design and management. However, quantifying park perceptions on a large spatial and temporal scale is challenging, and it remains unclear which environmental features lead to different perceptions in cross-cultural comparisons. This study addressed this issue by collecting 11,782 valid social media comments and photos covering 36 UGSs from 2020 to 2022 using a Python 3.6-based crawler. Natural language processing and image recognition methods from Google were then utilized to quantify UGS perceptions. This study obtained 32 high-frequency feature words through sentiment analysis and quantified 17 environmental feature factors that emerged using object and scene recognition techniques for photos. The results show that users generally perceive Japanese UGSs as more positive than Chinese UGSs. Chinese UGS users prioritize plant green design and UGS user density, whereas Japanese UGS focuses on integrating specific cultural elements. Therefore, when designing and managing urban greenspace systems, local environmental and cultural characteristics must be considered to meet the needs of residents and visitors. This study offers a replicable and systematic approach for researchers investigating the utilization of UGS on a global scale.

Chinese Traditional Gardens (CTGs) are an important part of China’s cultural inheritance from the past. Today’s China has experienced rapid urbanization, raising the need for a new form of contemporary gardens intended to satisfy peoples’ need for traditional culture. Garden paths are important in CTGs; they are designed to show visitors changing views with each step, and to lead them to secluded, quiet places via winding paths. This enhances the ornamental interest of the gardens. Based on plane graphics, this study evaluates the characteristics of three types of garden paths in fourteen traditional gardens and a contemporary antique garden, the Daguan Garden in Beijing. The analysis uses correlation and factor analysis to integrate 28 quantitative path indicators into five aspects of average, scale, network, wide, and aggregation. The 28 indicators can be expressed by six simple indicators: average connection length, number of path sections, alpha index, average width, average tortuous angle, and concentration degree. The results show small variations of garden paths between traditional gardens, but a considerable difference between the contemporary garden and traditional gardens. The research proposes a framework for the quantification and comparison of garden path features that can be applied before and after garden path construction, for both ancient and modern garden styles. This framework generates garden path feature values and theoretical values of six indicators, and is not constrained by the garden scale. Therefore, it provides an accurate and efficient design tool for garden designers.

Urban green spaces (UGSs) can meet the spiritual and cultural needs of citizens and provide various ecosystem services. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the utilization of UGSs has been affected in various countries worldwide. This study considered 13 UGSs in Guangzhou, China, as examples. It obtained user check-in data by sampling the check-in pages of Sina Weibo locations using a Python-based web crawler program. The study was conducted for 731 days from 1 October 2019 to 30 September 2021, during different phases of the pandemic. Based on automated Chinese corpus recognition technology, statistical results were obtained after periodization and sentiment calculation. The study assessed the pandemic’s impact on the use of UGSs by analyzing the time, frequency, and emotions of residents visiting UGSs. The study concluded that the emotions of UGS users during COVID-19 tended to be positive. They tended to choose UGSs with low expected population density and visited UGSs on weekdays. Additionally, the religious attributes of UGSs also influenced their utilization.

<p>This study aims to clarify the spatial composition and elements of traditional Korean Byeol-Seo Gardens through the field survey and the GIS analysis of topographical characteristics. The field research and survey were carried out on August and November in 2014 and November in 2015 at 9 gardens in Gwangju, Damyang region：MyunAngJeong, SongGangJeong, YeongGyeJeong, MoonIlJeong, KwanSooJeong, SikYoungJeong, HwanBuckDang, ChiGaJeong and MyuongOkHeon. Through creating the original contour maps by combining the field survey results with GIS data，the following aspects are consequently observed on the 9 gardens. (1) Byeol-Seo is considered to have spatial composition to be aware of the view from the Pavilion. (2) Topographical characteristics make spatial composition in Byeol-Seo and fall into two major categories. While prior researches focused on the meaning and philosophy of the gardens, this study, involving the quantitative analysis, elucidates the style of the spatial composition. This kind of analysis could be the basis of recognizing the morphological characteristics and the meaning of the spatial design of the traditional garden.</p>

<p>This study focuses on the spatial features of Old Summer Palace in China from the perspective of position relationship between hill-water and architecture. The 40 gardens in Old Summer Palace were divided into 4 groups according to the relationship with the surrounding, sight orientation and the location of hill and water. In Group A, these gardens have several space types and were surrounded by hills and waters which make the garden space separated from surrounding. These gardens in Group B form closed garden space by architectural which were closed to environment rather than the construction of hill and water. These gardens in Group C have opening garden space and multi-directional sight by few hills surrounded and opening architectural composition. The gardens of Group D were surrounded by a little hills and sight orientation which make them look opening appropriately. Overall, not only the composition of architecture, but also the construction of hill and water in Old Summer Palace were affected by the traditional geomancy culture, and the innovative techniques were also applied in this garden especially in the residence area.</p>

<p>This paper discusses the composition of the residential area, which was planned and built as an exclusive residential ar ea in the suburb of Nanjing, during the Period of the Republic of China, based on the analysis of the exterior space arrangement. First, there are 200 sites been chosen which are in a good state of preservation.Next, arrangement patterns are shown and clarifie d into 4 groups by studying the composition of exterior space and performing a cluster analysis. Then, characteristics of spatial a rrangement are described by examining the influence of each group upon the street construction, and compared with the spatial a rrangement of traditional Chinese residence and western residence. Finally, examine the feature of whole block through the distri bution character of those 4 groups. This residential area is composed by Western-style road system, mansion and garden, but cha racteristics of the territory and some feature of traditional Chinese residence can also be found in this area.</p>

<p>This study focus on the spatial feature in the Old Summer Palace in China from the view of architectural disposition. The architectural dispositions of 40 gardens in the Old Summer Palace were divided into 4 types with the cluster analysis method. In addition, the spatial feature of different kinds of garden were examined according to architectural disposition. As a result, a most important courtyard space was structured in order to emphasize the emperorship in the politics and ritual spaces. The central activity space was highlighted in most of religion spaces, and some of them were also shaped to blend in with the surrounding scenery. Most of living spaces adopt the closed quadrangle dwellings layout was adopted to create sense of privacy and safety, besides, some novel open spaces were created in order to integrate with natural scenery. Most of touring spaces strengthen the connection with surroundings, and some of them also highlight the royal noble status through the regular configuration. In conclusion, the garden spaces in the Old Summer Palace not only have conventional features for complying with traditional ethical codes, but also have some innovative features created by some distinctive architectural dispositions.</p>

This paper aims to clarify the character of mansions built during the Period of the Republic of China in Nanjing, by focusing on spatial composition and the exterior space arrangement of the main building. Based on the historical background of the Republic of China, historical textual research and on-the-spot investigation were carried out into the spatial composition of the mansions, 17 mansions are selected as study objects. Analyzing the two-dimensional composition of sites and the three-dimensional composition of attachments for the main buildings shows the character. The result of this research indicated that, the two-dimensional composition such as the position of mansion on its site, and the three-dimensional composition such as the position or type of attachments, not only imitates European and American residence, but also utilizes characters of traditional Chinese residence. The main building's position and plane figure of the site on the exterior arrangement, which can be seen as a combination of Chinese style and Western style, has changed.

本研究は詩「上林十景」から連想された昌徳宮後園の風景イメージを考察したものである。「上林十景」から連想された風景イメージは詩に表現され、風景を描写する語句と、その中に反映されている象徴的な意味や思想に直・間接的な関係があることが分かった。季節感が強く現れる詩文では単調で似たような風景イメージが演出され、社会の安定と繁栄が反映された詩文では対比構図による異質な雰囲気の風景が演出されていることが分かった。また、神仙思想が反映された詩文は安定した構図に基づき、奥深い風景が演出された。