櫻井 清一

Abstract Background The need for adopting improved rice technologies and practices has become more important in Ethiopia as the national self-sufficiency gap has increased. This article examines the adoption level and factors governing the adoption of improved rice technology packages and practices using data collected from 594 rice-producing household heads in Ethiopia. A multivariate probit (MVP) model involving a system of five equations was used to assess the determinant for the decision to adopt improved rice technologies and practices. Results The results showed that the adoption levels of improved rice varieties, row planting, recommended rate of urea fertilizer, recommended rate of DAP/NPS fertilizer, and recommended weeding frequency was 24.4%, 23.4%, 40.9%, 38.6%, and 52.4%, respectively. The model results attested that improved rice production technology packages are complementary. This finding implies that farm-level policies that affect the use of one improved agricultural technology can have a positive effect on the other technologies. The various demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional variables were found to influence the decisions to adopt different technologies of improved rice technology packages with different signs. Conclusions Therefore, the government should devise ways to ease the accessibility of improved seeds and fertilizers along with the introduction of labor-saving technologies to promote row planting and achieve wider adoption of the technologies. Policies and interventions that are informed about such factors are required to accelerate the adoption of improved rice technology packages in Ethiopia to realize green revolution and secure self-sufficiency of rice sustainably.

[抄録] 本論では，簡素化した食行動記録調査で収集したデータを用いて，青果物消費水準に与えるソーシャル・キャピタル（SC）の影響を考察した．先行研究を参照して選んだ７つの設問への回答状況と，主成分分析により統合した指標を用いてSCの水準を測定した．青果物消費水準は回答者が食した料理に含まれる青果物の割合を基に作成した指標で把握した．分散分析および相関係数の結果から，SC水準の高い回答者は総じて青果物消費水準も高い傾向が確認された．複数の要因を考慮した重回帰分析の結果からも，SCの蓄積が青果物消費水準にポジティブな影響を及ぼしていることと，青果物消費に対し年齢に次ぐレベルの説明力があることが明らかになった．

[抄録] 企業1,000社を対象にした食育活動に対するアンケート調査結果の一次集計から，食育活動の取り組み状況とその意識について考察した．その結果，回答企業の４割が，食育を実施している．講師の派遣や見学者の受け入れが，最も多い具体的活動である．食育開始の主な理由は，CSR活動と営業活動の一環の二つが挙げられる．連携先で多いのは，自治体が最も多く，次いで業界団体と小学校である．社会に対する食育の効果は，４割が肯定的な評価をしている．そのうち企業側に生じた具体的な効果として，新たな商品の創出や社員の仕事の効率向上などが一定程度評価されている．食育の課題については，社内で食育活動が評価・理解されないという点，食育に関する情報，実施の場，PRの機会が少ないという点が指摘されている．全体として，企業の食育活動全般に関する評価では，消費者の健全な食生活や企業活動にも好影響を与えるとする評価が大半を占めていた．最後に，企業による食育活動の支援策に関して，情報提供，事例紹介，実施のためのマニュアルなどが挙げられており，これらが支援策の主要項目として有効といえる．[ABSTRACT] This paper investigates attitudes towards, and behavior in response to, food education programs implemented as part of the corporate social responsibility（CSR）initiatives of private companies. For this paper, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 1,000 semi-randomly selected companies in Japan. The primary results revealed that 40% of respondent companies conduct food education programs, the most popular of which include sending instructors to school, as well as receiving visitors at factories and offices. The most frequent reasons given for implementing food education programs are as part of CSR efforts and as a marketing activity. The most common partners are local governments, followed by industry associations and elementary schools. About 40% of companies that conduct food education activities positively evaluated their activities. New product development and increased employee work efficiency were considered specific benefits. It was pointed out that some of the issues associated with food education activities included the poor recognition of food education programs internally at companies and a lack of information, venues, and PR relating to food education. Overall, the majority of private companies responded that the food education programs had a positive impact on the healthy dietary habits of consumers and on creating positive impressions of the company's activities. Finally, it was noted that the main support measures for companies' food education programs include providing information, best practice models, and operations manuals, which can be considered effective measures.

<p>This paper investigates how the food industry carriest out food-education activities and their effects on beneficiary families by focusing on the Kewpie Company's program. The data were collected by a questionnaire survey to the parents of school children who were the beneficiaries of this program conducted at school as "a delivery class". We employed an ordered probit model to analyze how the effect of the food-education program on the dietary habits of school children and the mothers' impressions of Kewpie varies according to the attributes of households.</p>

[抄録] 本論では児童の平日と休日の昼食摂取状況を比較し，児童の食生活における学校給食の役割を解明した．データは松戸市内の小学校で実施した児童146名への質問紙調査と給食運営に関する資料より収集した．栄養素の視点からみると，休日は食塩が過剰である一方，カルシウム，ビタミンB1，食物繊維が不足していた．食品群の視点からみると，休日はパン，麺類，肉類が過剰である一方，牛乳，いも類，豆製品，種実類が著しく不足していた．また料理の皿数が多く，夕食を両親とそろって食べている児童は休日の昼食でより多く野菜を摂取していた．分析結果から，児童は平日には学校給食でバランスの良い昼食をとっているが，休日の食事バランスは相対的に良くないことが明らかになった[Abstract] This paper investigates the characteristics of children?s dietary intake by comparing the diet at lunch on weekdays and weekends at home and clarifies the role of school lunch in children?s dietary behavior. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey administered to 146 children in an elementary school and from documents on school lunch management in Matsudo city. The following results were obtained. On the nutritional level, on weekends children overconsumed salt while insufficient amounts of calcium, vitamin B1 and dietary fiber were consumed. Concerning the variety of food groups, children overconsumed bread, noodles and meat on weekends, but adequate consumption of milk, potatoes, bean products and seeds was lacking. Children who ate various types of dishes and ate dinner with parents consumed more vegetables at lunch on weekends. Those results imply that children are eating a well-balanced school lunch but an unbalanced lunch on weekends from the viewpoint of nutrition and food group variety.

[抄録] 本稿では，食品企業の行う食育活動のあるべき姿を探るために，児童の保護者に対し，アンケート調査を行った．調査票を集計した結果，以下のことが明らかになった．保護者の食育への関心は高いものの，家庭での食の外部化や孤食，欠食がみられるなど，すべての家庭で十分に食育が行われているわけではない．そのため，食品企業の行う食育には，食育に十分取組めていない家庭の食育を補完する役割が求められる．食品企業が行う食育に対し，「商品の宣伝をしている」や「企業のイメージ向上を狙っている」と感じている保護者はいるものの，食品企業が食育活動に参加することに対する期待は非常に高い．また，食品企業による食育の効果は，児童の食生活を改善させるだけでなく，食品企業に対する保護者からの印象を良くする．[Abstract] In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on dietary education by a food company addressed to parents of children in an elementary school. (1) 79.1% of parents indicated that they were highly in favor of dietary education but skipping a meal and eating alone were observed in ７-８% of the families. Therefore, dietary education by a food company is required to play a role in supplementing the lack of dietary education at home. (2) About 30-40% of responded parents felt that the food company aimed at advertising its own products and enhanced its reputation through providing the dietary education, but 96.7% of parents expected food companies to join food education activity. (3) In summary, we found that the dietary education activity by a food company not only improved the eating habits of children but also improved the reputation of the company.

<p>This study analyzes the morale of employees who work in a group participation system within women lead business organizations in Yamaguchi prefecture. It makes use of a desire-provision system morale survey that analyzes four factors : policy, job, relatedness and compensation. This methodology is based on Herzberg's motivation hygiene theory, wherein policy and job factors are considered motivators. The results of the analysis shows that the morale of employees in women lead business organizations is based on the management policies of the organization, as well as the degree of unity. As a result of arranged relations between the administrative results and the questionnaire survey of the women lead business organizations, factors such as policy, job, relatedness and compensation were close to the administrative results of each organization relation. This revealed that the improvement of labor circumstances in organizations is important. The empirical object of this study is only one corporation, so this analysis includes some problems, but we want to push forward with a future study to contribute to administration improvement of all women company organizations.</p>

This research focuses on the current development status, operating mechanism, organizational structure, existing problems and operating status of Y and S specialized farmers cooperatives and their member households in an area of Inner Mongolia in order to illustrate the future development of specialized farmers cooperatives. From the research result, it can be seen that the specialized farmers' cooperative is a relatively new farming operation method in Inner Mongolia, but the cooperative is still at the beginning stage of development. Since the establishment of Y and S specialized farmers' cooperatives, they have realized a profit in the last three years and this has helped to increase the income of their members. However, there are also problems as follow. Firstly, for Y specialized farmers' cooperatives, it limited its member's income and its assets accumulation and business expansion by operation of 'investment in kind.' Secondly, member households are not provided with all the essential elements available to farmers' cooperatives, which limits the ability of farmers' cooperatives to increase farmer's income. Thirdly, Y and S specialized farmers' cooperatives are both involved in farming processing; expanding of specialized farmers' cooperatives business requires an integration of other farming elements. Finally, these two specialized farmers' cooperatives, Y and S, have not integrated the grassland which should be under proper management and use, therefore those specialized farmers' cooperative do not perform well in protecting the environment of grassland.

In 2006, a positive list system related to agrochemicals was enforced in Japan. This system is affecting the usage of agrochemicals in Japanese farm operation. In this paper, the author investigates the usage and awareness of agrochemicals by farmers in an urban area, based on opinions and data collected by semi-structured interviews with responding farmers. Unban farmers have to use agrochemicals while paying attention to various stakeholders. The agro-cooperative has great importance on the distribution and information access of agrochemicals. Customers have an interest in whether the farm uses the chemicals or not, but most customers also assent to the explanation by the farm sector concerning the chemical usage. The minor crop issue is imposing a strong restriction to the farmers trying to introduce new varieties.

農村女性による起業活動実態調査(農水省(2014)では，起業数は全国で9,719件にのぼる。活動内容は食品加工が主体だが，農家レストラン等の都市住民との交流に関する取組等，起業活動の質的な変化が見受けられる。しかし，年間売上高が300万円未満の零細経営体が過半(50.4%)を占めたほか，60歳以上の構成員割合が66.6%，30代以下の構成員が「いない」グループ経営体が76.3%に達するなど，起業活動の継続が危惧される。また，事業展開上の課題には「人手の確保：22.4%」，「労働負担の軽減：10.1%」等があり，起業活動に取り組むための職務環境の改善が課題として挙げられる。これまで，農村女性起業組織に係る研究には，起業活動への参画目的(三原(2005)や組織的経営体が抱える課題を整理した研究，事業の継続性の視点から壮年層の起業促進に着目した研究(渋谷(2011)など蓄積は多い。また，当該組織の存在意義や起業活動に参加する構成員の意識から，岩崎・宮城は，女性がこれら事業に参加する背景には「ビジネス志向」と「志し志向」が存在する点を指摘している。一方，農村女性起業のなかには，地域社会に労働集約的な産業と雇用を維持し，組織の継続性を確保するため，法人化を選択する事例が増えているが，これら組織では，明確な理念や目標を持ち構成員を動機づけることが組織運営上求められることや，賃金・労働水準の実現が構成員の意欲的な参画と経営発展に結びつくこと等が指摘されており，構成員の理念や目標の持ち方，業務内容を含めた労働の質に着目した分析の有用性は高い。そこで，本稿では，女性起業組織における人的資源管理の実態に対して，杉村(2004)が開発したDP方式モラール・サーベイ(以下，DP調査)の手法を用いた構成員のモラール分析から，女性起業組織が抱える人的資源管理上の課題を明らかにする。

In this paper, three areas of Damaoqi, in Inner Mongolia, China, are presented in order to evaluate the influences of a comprehensive grazing policy on the management of animal husbandry and the lifestyle that result. The impact of this policy on the lifestyle of herdsmen and future perspectives is also discussed. The main results are as follows. Owing to the decrease of husbandry income, already deflated net incomes in 2010 became lower than those of 1990. Common to the three areas is that more than half of the herdsmen's incomes now originate from sources and enterprises, including subsidies, other than husbandry. Third, the settlement policy has influenced the husbandry practices and employment of herdsmen by virture of the fact that the herdsmen who migrated to the industrialized area keep a dramatically decreased number of livestock. This results in both an increase in animal operating costs and a lack of industrialization in management and operations of husbandry practices. However, herder consciousness about life satisfaction and the practice of working away from home by migration reveals a difference between the three regions, brought about by the decreased scale of livestock management and the feasibility of continuing animal husbandry. In the future, independent living skills without the government's subsidy should be cultivated for those migrated herdsmen.

CSAとは，Community Supported Agricultureの略で，1980年代中頃に米国北東部の2つの農家で始まった，農業者と消費者の連携の形態である。近年その数は増加し，米国の2007年農業センサスによると，全米に12,549件のCSAがあるされているが，実際にはその半分くらいとの指摘もあり，統計的な把握は十分にできていない。CSAの把握が難しい背景には，そもそも定義がゆるやかで，農業者と消費者の連携の形態もさまざまだという事情がある。そのためか，いくつかの日本語訳も試みられているが，定着しきれていない。CSAの創始者たちが，80年代の草創期に抱いていた所期の理念としては，(1)消費者と農業者相互の貢献，(2)リスクの分担（シェア），(3)環境と小規模農業の保護，などが目指されていたといえよう。そのため，CSAの仕組みとしては，(1)消費者（メンバー）に作付け前に収穫物の代金（＋農業者の報酬）を前払いすることにより，リスクを分担（シェア）し，(2)収穫期には，農業者は収穫物をメンバーに分配する（メンバーは量や品目は指定できない），ことが一般的であるとされてきた。また，(3)一定時間の労働参画や意思決定への参画などの貢献を求めるなど，メンバーには積極的な関与が期待されることが特徴であった。そのようなCSAも，消費者のニーズ，そして社会環境も変化する中で，その運営方法に変化が起きていると考えられる。そこで本稿は，事例調査によってCSAの変容と新たな展開を明らかにし，それにより今後のダイレクト・マーケティングへの示唆を得ることを目的とする。なお，事例調査は，米国で最初にCSAに取り組んだ二つの経営を含む北東部のいわば老舗CSAの事例と，後発で，近年増加が目覚ましいカリフォルニア州のCSAを対象とする。

This paper investigates the structure of marketing routes for herbal plants (jamu ingredients) and the performance of traders in Central Jawa, Indonesia. The marketing structure is composed of diversified and multi-staged channels. Transactions between traders belonging to the same distributional stage can be observed as improving the assortment of herbal plants available. Many wholesalers are small-scale traders and deal with various kinds of ingredients, while field assembly traders are relatively large-scale traders and are responsible for many functions such as preprocessing. storage, and transportation. Jamu peddlers usually sell traditional liquid jamu in the urban area. Modern jamu factories prefer long-term transaction of ingredients with larger production lot.

果実の購買量(点数)の多寡により消費者を区分し,食事行動を規定する意識ないし態度をより重視した分析を行うことにする。本論では,まず諸指標をもとに消費者の果実消費に関する意識・態度を類型化し,多様な消費者をグルーピングする。続いて食行動記録から把握できる実際の果実消費行動(購買・入手行動と食事行動)を類型間で比較し,どのような消費者層が果実の消費に積極的(あるいは消極的)であるかを分析する。併せて,回答された意識・態度と実際の消費行動にズレがあるかどうかも検討する。

This paper investigates the characteristics of the first stage of a governmental program for agriculture, commerce and industry collaboration, identifying issues to be solved. The author surveys the situation of 364 plans approved by the government for enhancing the collaboration between agriculture, commerce and industry. In many plans, firms are linked on single network and try developing new food products by utilizing local agricultural products. But most representative firms belong to the industrial sector, and the agricultural sector's involvement is relatively weak. Supporting activities by the research sector lack clarity compared to the project for enhancing industrial clusters. The paper concludes that the agricultural sector should try developing partnerships with other sectors on an equal basis. The diversification of farm enterprise itself also should be taken into consideration.

本研究は,千葉県安房地域で実施した集落および農家調査に基づいて,地産地消に関連する様々な組織的活動の特徴を明らかにするとともに,社会関係資本と地産地消に関連する取り組みとの関係について考察することを目的とした.得られた知見は以下のとおりである.第1に,集落レベルの構造的社会関係資本は,高付加価値化といった利益追求型の取り組みに加えて,環境保全型技術の採用,都市農村交流への取り組み,中山間地域等直接支払い制度の集落協定の締結といった,必ずしも個人の所得向上に直接つながらない組織的活動にも貢献している.第2に,世帯レベルの構造的社会関係資本に関しては,地域生活集団への参加程度の高い世帯ほど直売所への出荷も積極的であった.また,観光農園を行う経営者は,知人ネットワークが同一集落ないしは市町村内に限定される者が多かった.これらを合わせて鑑みると,地域の活動に活発に参加し近隣住民と密な関係をもつ世帯ほど,所得向上に直接つながる地産地消関連活動に対しても積極的であることがうかがわれる.第3に,世帯レベルの認知的社会関係資本は,地産地消に関連する活動とは特に関連がみられなかった.