齋藤 雪彦

‘Crofting’ is the traditional tenancy system including traditional culture, land use system in Scotland. Farmers are called ‘Crofter’ renting land from land owners. Crofting village has similarity with mountainous villages in Japan which have a traditional bond, collective work, traditional way of thinking. The paper aim to clarify the present situation of crofting village in viewpoint of sustainability and spatial construction principal. The principal is that keeping fertility and equality among crofters which made spatial character of crofting village, whether principals of Japanese village tend to protect lands from disaster and utility of water supply in general.

The aim of this research is to clarify problems of communication among children, which is declining in most of rural areas because of decrease in population and urbanizing lifestyles.We evaluated their communications in a quantitative way to grasp the differences from distinctions in spatial and temporal conditions. We analyzed those data to clarify the effects of their residential character and their private lessons after school to communication in the suburban area. As a result, their main spaces for communication were only private ones, such as their houses and their friends houses, and they seldom use public spaces or distinctive rural spaces. From the evaluations it was also clarified that each space had particular time to be used and specific area of users. In the most developed (urbanized) area children communicated with each other frequently. The reason for this tendency of privatization and urbanization was considered that their residences were scattered around the school area and it was difficult to share communication spaces, and their private lessons were given in the time when public communication spaces were used mostly.

In this research, we evaluated communications among children in an urban area. We classified their lives after school according to time of their private lessons and compared them in three levels — life level, space level and significant space level. As a result, it is found that their daily lives were significantly different from each other and children could not find adequate time to communicate. Furthermore, it is cleared that their communications were highly restricted by private lessons because the time zone when most of private lessons were given was the same as the time when many children who do not have private lessons communicated with their friends. Consequently, children who have lessons seldom communicate with their friends at houses, public facilities or parks. On the other hand, they used streets, shops or the school yard for communications because of the temporal characters of those places. From these conclusions, we proposed some spatial planning and a concept of "regional time-managing plan" to promote communications between children who have private lessons after school and those who do not have private lessons.

The purpose of this research is to consider meaning that principle and commonness in rural landscape brings to preservation and reproduction of working of production and life. Results are as follows: 1) Even if ground for the plan is a city or it is a rural, the purpose of use in scenic preservation and the formation is same.2) Design codes used for the rural contain the original content requested from maintenance and the formation of the rural landscape.

Spatial management is serious issue in rurban areas. Recently many key players such as village resident, new comers, city residents, participate spatial management movement. Defining spatial management and summarizing the issue of civic participation, of the spatial management sustainability, six points can be proposed. One point is analyzing connections between resident individual mentality about their happiness, and effects of spatial management activities.

バブル経済崩壊後、造園業市場は縮小している。造園工事業の完成工事高が1991年の10,259億円から2006年度の5,795億円まで減少したことからもこのような状況をうかがうことができる。また、「市場の縮小が造園工事業全体の完成工事高を減少させ、営業利益がマイナスまでになった。」とするマクロな分析が報告されているが、造園工事業全体の完成工事高以外の売上高がどのようになったかまでは解明されていない。造園業を研究の対象とする場合、造園業企業の全売上高の実態を解明する必要がある。本研究は、市場の縮小に対応した結果、個々の企業がどのような状態になったか、また今度どのようにしようとしているか、その実態を企業活動の基をなし企業行動が反映される売上高を主な視点として分析し、そこに予見される課題を明らかにすることを月的とする。

児童は多様な空間での、多様な相手との遊びを通して、様々な刺激や相互作用を体験し、物事や他者に対する認識を深め、身体的にも精神的にも発達する。しかし、児童の遊び環境が時間、空間、仲間の側面で貧困化しているという研究上の指摘がなされて久しい。本論はその三側面の中でも特に、遊び仲間に着目するものである。児童の数は少子化により減少し、児童が放課後の習い事に費やす時間は増加している。また、同じ地域に暮らしていても所属する習い事や学童保育などの団体の違いから、日常生活の過ごし方も個人によって様々である。これらの影響により、児童の遊び集団は縮小、分断されていると推察できる。本研究は、上述の解体された遊び集団を一時的に認めながらも、この遊び集団と関係を持つ現代の児童に対して、なるべく多様な遊び空間を提供するための条件を探るものである。

The purpose of this research is to consider how to newly develop this industry by analyzing how the trends of landscape construction industry have been changing since the bubble economy bursted. By referring to the statistical data on the number of the enterprises and the employee population, which show the scale, on the value added,which shows productivity and on the value of construction completed, which shows the number of the construction achievements, the trends of landscape construction industry could be clarified. During the years from 1991 to 1996, following the burst of the bubble economy, the private construction investments decreased, whereas the government investments increased. As a result, the number of the enterprises trying to work for the public construction rose, consequently increasing the entire employee population. Since 1997, public construction has been decreasing and so shave the value of construction completed and the value added. However, the number of the enterprises and the employee population continue to rise. Thus, the supply-demand balance has been upset, which causes the affairs of this industry to be in poor shape.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the depopulation issue in intermediate and mountainous areas from the perspectives of 1) the status and history of emigration of farming households, and 2) the management status of vacant houses and farm fields and the attributes of managers. The main results were as follows : 1) Since family members, including descendent and emigrated households, wanted to manage their vacant houses even if they live far away, the level of management tended to decline over successive generations. 2) There was a tendency to consign the management of, or to even sell off, farm fields to people other than close blood relatives. 3) The typical attributes of a manager were as follows : i) a relative or neighbor residing in the settlement (including unrelated persons), and ii) an emigrated, descendent, or related household residing typically in the same or adjacent municipality (mainly blood relatives). The study confirmed that the latter was important in vacant house management, and the former was important in farm field management. The results suggest that some form of support is desirable, such as the networking of people involved in the management of vacant houses and farm fields.

The purpose of this study is to show daily activities of traditional life, and to clarify educational functions of these activities. We investigated daily activities, and deliberated educational functions of each activity. As results, we classified them into three categories. 1) Senses: Children trained their senses such as sense of touch or hearing through play. They recognize the environment of water front area, and felt they exist here. 2) Sensibility, Consciousness and Sense of value: While they feared water through floods and drowning accidents, they did thanks water that brought abundant harvest through traditional religion and so on. In addition, they were conscious of a connection of the people through each role play about maintenance activities of creeks. And they had a strong sense of responsibility as a member of community through the use and maintenance of water front area. 3) Knowledge and Skill: They recognized, understood, and reacted various characters of water front area through maintenance activities, and play. There were chain processes such as one activity occurs another activity. These daily activities of traditional life in the creek settlements include wisdom or experiences about co-existence between human and water front nature, which play the great role in environmental education for people of today.

Recently, the area of wasting land, such as abandoned land, disposed refuse land, disposed material land, is increasing in suburban area. This background is the transformation of the occupation structure of resident. This paper clarify the occupation structure of resident, analyzing with varieties, locations of occupations and attribution of residents, categorizing residents in the viewpoints of the formations of agriculture. Especially, the birth of collateral families and the migrant experience of the first generation of families are connected with the increasing of construction companies by a family, which mainly caused wasting land in the settlement.

The paper examines and discusses the planning methods and process of Welsh "Communities First" programme launched in 2001. Results of case study in a Welsh local town are also described. The programme could be identified as the following features: 1) the programme is a long-term strategy for improving the living conditions and prospects for people in the most disadvantaged communities in Wales; 2) the project area is rather small such as a electoral division; 3) capacity building of local people and organizations under the partnership of public, private and voluntary sectors is especially required; 4) 'Rural Community Action Partnership' organized within the local authority, and Communities First Support Network within Wales Assembly are both supporting the local partnership, the planning body.

This study is, for examination of the supporting method using volunteers, green tourists, and persons receiving pay from 'land conservation subsidy' as maintenance workers and, for constructing the new rural spatial maintenance plan. The analysis was derived from the survey of hearings, mappings at Okumeiji village, and at Oojimasan village. As a result, resident families could be classified by combining the area of farm fields and the hours of maintenance work. The attributive characteristics of each class are explained by numbers of person being always in the village and numbers of person joining maintenance activities, and age of elders.

Recently, the area of wasting land, such as abandoned land, disposed refuse land, disposed material land, is increasing in suburban area. This background is the decline of farmland value by the serious situation of agriculture, and high demand for urban land use by facilities for travel. This paper clarify the diversity of wasting, categorizing wasting land, and analyzing the process of its wasting. Urbanized land can be categorizing in the view points of quality and quantity of refuse. The wasting are mainly caused by activities of construction industry in the cities around this area.

Recently, the area of wasting land, such as abandoned land, disposed refuse land, disposed material land is increasing,in suburban area. This background is the decline of farmland value by the serious situation of agriculture, and high demand for urban land use by facilities for travel. This paper clarify the diversity of wasting, categorizing wasting land, and analyzing the process of its wasting. Abandoned land can be categorizing in the view points of the curse of abandoning, attribute of land owner. Urban land can be categorizing in the view points of formation of wasting, attribute of land owner, maintenance worker.

The aim of this study was to clarify the outline of green tourism and its potentiality for rural conservation by means of the survey of questionnaires sending to local governments in "Intermediate and Mountainous Areas". There were 16 settlements where the areas of farmlands for agricultural experience program were one hectare and over, which showed the potentiality for productive space conservation led by green tourism. There were 32 settlements where new maintenance activities of common space were introduced led by the beginning of green tourism, which showed the potentiality for common space conservation led by green tourism.

This paper aims to clarify characteristics of land ownership of "un-urbanized" housing land developments in Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, which was permitted by Old Housing Land Development Law of 1964. The Old Law was abolished in 1968. Some areas of these developments show very low built-up ratio because of insufficient infrastructures in terms of sewage, drinking water and public facilities. There are three types of land ownerships in un-urbanized areas. Firstly, ownerships without any transfer except for inheretances and donations amount to 65 percent. Secondly, speculative purchases and selling amount to 18 percent. Third, housing land with residents amount to 18 percent.

This study aims to try proposing a method for rural spatial maintenance plan. Some locative characters of the farm fields where all maintenance activities are stopped, were shown, which are connected with the shape, area, inclination of land, adjoing housing land, adjoing waste land, adjoing roadway, the location of owner' s house. Some correlation between attributive characters, such as the indices of area of farm fields, number of person being always in the village and number of person joining maintenance activities, and the indices of frequencies of weed-cutting, garden planting, cultivation, were indicated.

農業資源活用型観光活動について,愛知県における512事例の活動の趨勢に関して定量的な分析を行ったのち,6事例の活動の詳細に関して定性的な分析を行い,以下の知見を得た。(1)事業経営については,i)販売価格の高水準化・安定化,省力型農業の立地による必要労働量の減少, ii)固定客の形成, iii)固定投資が少ないこと, iv)補助事業が活用できること,といった特徴が見られた。(2)生産空間の直接的保全,休耕地・減反地の有効利用という役割を果たしていた。(3)地域農業に対して,(1) i)に示した特徴を持つ販路の提供,需要創出,多角化という役割を果たしていた。(4)地域社会に対して,高齢者,若者の雇用の場,交流空間,アメニティ空間の創出という役割を果たしていた。

本研究は都市農村交流活動に対する地域住民の評価を明らかにし、活動の課題を析出して今後の方向性を提示することを目的とした。調査地は群馬県新治村を選定し、都市農村交流活動が積極的に行われている3つのゾーンの住民に対してアンケート調査を行った。その結果、以下のことが明らかとなった。1)住民の活動参加を高めていくには、行政と住民との意見交換の場を計画段階から積極的に設けることが必要である。2)観光客の増加による生活環境の悪化が特に問題視されており、観光客への啓発活動、交通システムの見直し等が必要である。3)若年層の活動参加が不足しており、今後、若年層に魅力ある参加形態を提供することが必要である。

中山間地域の2集落において, ヒアリング調査と現地踏査により, 集落域における管理状況, 管理目的, 管理主体の歴史的変化を分析し, 空間管理の類型化を行った。その結果, 生産・生活空間と周縁空間の関係性, 空間管理類型の管理放棄に関わる段階性, 集落域全体の管理範囲縮小過程を整理することができた。これを, 農村空間価値に着目して, 集落の空間管理の範囲や質を検討する際の方法論として, 提示することができた。

本研究は,既成住宅地における高齢者の日常的な生活管理外出の圏域特性を概観した上で,通院外出及び買い物外出の外出先となる空間が,どのように選択されているのかを解明することを目的とした。研究の結果,(1)高齢期の生活管理外出は自宅から半径1km圏内が中心となっていること,(2)通院外出は医療の質に対する対象者の評価により空間選択が行われていること,(3)買い物外出は,運動のために自宅から半径1km圏外の空間を選択するケースが60代で,また外出の負担増大を理由に自宅から半径1km圏内の空間を選択するケースが70代以上で多く認められ,年齢によって外出圏域に段階性があると考えられること,等の知見か得られた。