貞広 斎子

本研究調査は,学校と学校評議員の関わり,機能状況,またはそれらの学校間差異がいかなる要因によってもたらされているかを実証的に分析することによって,今後の学校ガバナンスにおける民主性と多様性,地域応答性,加えて学校の専門性の担保について,基礎的知見および必要な要件の導出を行うことを目的としている。同研究目的から,A市学校評議員を対象とした質問紙調査を行ない,順序回帰分析により分析した結果,校長,教頭,教職員,児童生徒,地域の人々等と様々なコミュニケーションを取る(話をする)機会が多い学校評議員の方が,学校評議員として機能していると感じる傾向が明確に見いだせた。すなわち,機能状況を最も強く規定するのが,学校に関わる多様な人々とのコミュニケーションの緊密さであることがデータから裏付けられた。このことから,学校評議員を機能させるための要件は,その制度枠組みや学内システムの洗練というよりも,学校内外でのフォーマル,インフォーマルなコミュニケーションの確保と蓄積,およびそうしたコミュニケーション機会がもたらす活発な意見交換や議論の展開にこそあると分析された。This study aims to gain basic empirical information about how to establish school governance in Japanese public schools by analyzing the factors to work Japanese-style school council. For this purpose, we carried out a questionnaire survey to school councilors in an A city and analyzed the data by rank order regression analysis. The result shows that the councilors who have formal and informal multiple communication channels or broad scope of communication, for example, with principal, vice-principal, teachers, students, and varied local community members, tends to feel themselves as fitting their councilor's purpose. From this analysis, we can say that, it is more effective to ensure formal and informal multiple communications among various actors than to concentrate on making a new formal system for discussion in individual schools for the purpose to establish school governance policy in Japan.

（文部科学省委託研究・新教育システム開発プログラム）

本研究の目的は,現行の学校配置状況と通学距離基準からみて,基準を下回る条件下(既存不適格)におかれている児童生徒および自治体の分布状況と実態を明らかにし,今後の学校適正配置基準の方向性を考察・提言することにある。分析の結果,公立学校配置行政は概して良好に行われているが,人口規模5万人以下の自治体に関しては厳しい既存不適格状況が存在し,既存不適格者への対応という教育政策課題はこれらの自治体の問題であることが裏付けられた。このことから,全国一律の学校配置基準に固執することは,政策の実現可能性からみて今日的にあまり意味なさないといえ,むしろ,複数の学校配置基準を設け,どの基準に依拠するかを各自治体に選択させるという方策の方が,現実的であり,且つ教育の地方分権を推進する上でも意味があることが明らかになった。

This paper quantitatively analyzes parents' choice behavior in view of the possible introduction of a public school choice system in Japan. There exist a number of studies and discussions on the merits and demerits of the school choice system on a theoretical basis. However, since they are not supported by empirical data of actual school choice behavior, it is still unknown whether the school choice system is desirable, and if so, in what form the system should be introduced. This study aims to fill the lack of information on parental school preference, and to simulate the choice behavior. In this study we performed a questionnaire survey and obtained hypothetical choice data from 908 schoolchildren's parents in the Tokyo metropolitan area (primary school choice: 564 parents of first or second grade schoolchildren belonging to five primary schools; secondary school choice: 344 parents of fifth or sixth grade schoolchildren belonging to three primary schools) from February through July 1998. We conducted this survey in the Tokyo metropolitan area primarily because this area meets the requirements for school choice system, such as the density of population, the density of schools, and traffic conditions. The data obtained in this survey were analyzed using the rank-logit model, a disaggregate choice model that is suitable for analyzing individual choice behavior. The results show that 1) subjects were clearly classified into two groups in terms of choice behavior in both primary and secondary school choices, 2) these groups were different with respect to the rank-logit model representing school choice behavior, 3) there were no significant differences as to parent's educational background and occupation between the groups. On the other hand, we can find significant differences in individual taste or state such factors as the child's personality and dissatisfaction with real schools near their home. 4) It is possible that the school choice system, especially the secondary school choice system, causes over-concentration of children on a specific school or school ranking. These results enable us to simulate parent's school choice behavior under various conditions, and to examine what school characteristics and school disposition level will cause over-concentration on a specific school or school ranking. From another viewpoint, it is also necessary to analyze the survey data in areas besides Tokyo metropolitan area, and furthermore, to investigate why parents place a great deal of weight on proximity of school, especially on primary school choices.