矢口 貴志

Seven novel spiromeroterpenoids, asnovolins A-G (1-7), one of which was shown to suppress fibronectin expression, were isolated from Aspergillus novofumigatus CBS117520 along with a known compound, novofumigatonin (8). The structures of asnovolins A-G were elucidated using MS and 2D-NMR data. Asnovolin E (5) suppressed fibronectin expression by normal human neonatal dermal fibroblast cells.

Background: Many types of weak pathogenic microorganisms often cause opportunistic infections in extremely preterm infants. Paecilomyces formosus is one such opportunistic fungus that can lead to a serious infection. Here, we report the clinical course of P. formosus infection in an extremely preterm infant. Case presentation: An extremely preterm male infant was born at 23 weeks of gestation. Six days after birth, he developed yellowish-brown nodules on the skin of the back extending to the buttocks. P. formosus was identified by culture of samples from the cutaneous lesions. We treated the infection with intravenous micafungin and lanoconazole ointment application. The skin lesions improved dramatically and healed without scar tissue formation. Conclusion: Neonatologists should consider opportunistic P. formosus infections. This is the first report to describe that micafungin is effective for P. formosus cutaneous infection in extremely premature infants. (C) 2015, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We describe a 66-year-old woman who suffered from fungal keratitis after corneal transplantation. The causative organism was identified as Beauveria bassiana on the basis of morphological characteristics and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene. The patient was successfully treated with topical voriconazole (VRCZ) use only. We, hereby, present the first report of a case with B. bassiana fungal keratitis that responded to topical antifungal VRCZ treatment. (C) 2015, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A 16-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease presented with pneumonia and rib osteomyelitis. Emericella nidulans var. echinulata was isolated from his sputum. After starting voriconazole, Rasamsonia piperina was isolated from the rib swelling. A combination therapy of voriconazole and micafungin effectively eradicated this invasive mixed-mold infection. In immunocompromised patients, a precise pathogenic diagnosis is clinically useful for administration of an appropriate treatment regimen.

Three new phthalide derivatives, emefuranones A(1), A(2) and B (1-3); six new phthalane derivatives, emefuran A, B-1, B-2, C-1, C-2 and D (4-9); three new farnesylated phthalide derivatives, farnesylemefuranones A-C (10-12); xylarinol C (13); and emericelloxide (14), along with four known compounds (dustanin, sorbicillin, aspergillodiol and xylarinol A), were isolated from the culture extracts of Emericella sp. IFM57991. Structures of 1-14 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. Compounds 4-7 and 13 showed moderate antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis.

Owner : NLM<br /> Status : In-Data-Review<br /> PubModel : Print<br /> Language : ENG<br /> Pagination : E47-57

Aspergillus lentulus, a sibling species of Aspergillus fumigatus, has been reported as a causative agent of aspergillosis, and exhibited low susceptibility to azole. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of A. lentulus strain IFM 54703T for the first time.

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by the Sporothrix species, which have distinct virulence profiles and geographic distributions. We performed a phylogenetic study in strains morphologically identified as Sporothrix schenckii from clinical specimens in Japan, which were preserved at the Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University. In addition, we examined the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and growth rate to evaluate their physiological features. Three hundred strains were examined using sequence analysis of the partial calmodulin gene, or polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method using newly designed species-specific primers 291 strains were Sporothrix globosa and 9 strains were S. schenckii sensu stricto(in narrow sense, s. s.). S. globosa strains were further clustered into two subclades, and S. schenckii s. s. strains were divided into three subclades. In 38 strains of S. globosa for which antifungal profiles were determined, 4 strains(11%)showed high minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)value for itraconazole. All tested strains of S. schenckii s. s. and S. globosa showed low sensitivity for amphotericin B. These antifungals are used for treatment of sporotrichosis when infection is severe. S. schenckii s. s. grew better than S. globosa wherein S. globosa showed restricted growth at 35? and did not grow at 37�C. Our molecular data showed that S. globosa is the main causal agent of sporotrichosis in Japan. It is important to determine the antifungal profiles of each case, in addition to accurate species-level identification, to strategize the therapy for sporotrichosis.

The number of spoilage incidents in the food industry attributable to a species of the genus Moniliella has recently increased, but the risk of food spoilage has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to rapidly identify high-risk species and to conduct a risk analysis study of Moniliella spp. Acetic acid resistance of M. acetoabutens and ethanol resistance of M. suaveolens were higher than for other Moniliella species. All examined strains of M. acetoabutens developed a high tolerance to acetic acid by being cultured twice in liquid media containing low concentrations of acetic acid. These findings indicate that M. acetoabutens and M. suaveolens are high-risk species for food spoilage and must be discriminated from other fungi. We developed species-specific primers to identify M. acetoabutens and M. suaveolens using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the D1/D2 domain of 28S rDNA. The PCR using the primer sets designed for M. acetoabutens (Mac_F1/R1) and M. suaveolens (Msu_F1/R1) was specific to the target species and did not detect other fungi involved in food spoilage or environmental contamination. This method is expected to be effective for the monitoring of raw materials and components of the food production process.

5-Flucytosine is currently used as an antifungal drug in combination therapy, but fungal pathogens are rapidly able to develop resistance against this drug, compromising its therapeutic action. The understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms is crucial to deal with this problem. In this work, the S. cerevisiae deletion mutant collection was screened for increased resistance to flucytosine. Through this chemogenomics analysis, 183 genes were found to confer resistance to this antifungal agent. Consistent with its known effect in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, the most significant Gene Ontology terms over-represented in the list of 5-flucytosine resistance determinants are related to DNA repair, RNA and protein metabolism. Additional functional classes include carbohydrate and nitrogen-particularly arginine-metabolism, lipid metabolism and cell wall remodeling. Based on the results obtained for S. cerevisiae as a model system, further studies were conducted in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Arginine supplementation was found to relieve the inhibitory effect exerted by 5-flucytosine in C. glabrata. Lyticase susceptibility was found to increase within the first 30min of 5-flucytosine exposure, suggesting this antifungal drug to act as a cell wall damaging agent. Upon exponential growth resumption in the presence of 5-flucytosine, the cell wall exhibited higher resistance to lyticase, suggesting that cell wall remodeling occurs in response to 5-flucytosine. Additionally, the aquaglyceroporin encoding genes CgFPS1 and CgFPS2, from C. glabrata, were identified as determinants of 5-flucytosine resistance. CgFPS1 and CgFPS2 were found to mediate 5-flucytosine resistance, by decreasing 5-flucytosine accumulation in C. glabrata cells.

The incidence of Aspergillus infection has been increasing in the past few years. Also, new Aspergillus fumigatus-related species, namely Aspergillus lentulus, Aspergillus udagawae, and Aspergillus viridinutans, were shown to infect humans. These fungi exhibit marked morphological similarities to A. fumigatus, albeit with different clinical courses and antifungal drug susceptibilities. The present study used liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify the secondary metabolites secreted as virulence factors by these Aspergillus species and compared their antifungal susceptibility. The metabolite profiles varied widely among A. fumigatus, A. lentulus, A. udagawae, and A. viridinutans, producing 27, 13, 8, and 11 substances, respectively. Among the mycotoxins, fumifungin, fumiquinazoline A/B and D, fumitremorgin B, gliotoxin, sphingofungins, pseurotins, and verruculogen were only found in A. fumigatus, whereas auranthine was only found in A. lentulus. The amount of gliotoxin, one of the most abundant mycotoxins in A. fumigatus, was negligible in these related species. In addition, they had decreased susceptibility to antifungal agents such as itraconazole and voriconazole, even though metabolites that were shared in the isolates showing higher minimum inhibitory concentrations than epidemiological cutoff values were not detected. These strikingly different secondary metabolite profiles may lead to the development of more discriminative identification protocols for such closely related Aspergillus species as well as improved treatment outcomes. (C) 2015, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aspergillus arcoverdensis, a new species isolated from semi-desert soil in a caatinga area, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, and a similar environment in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by relatively long co-nidiophores for Aspergillus section Fumigati, and subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal and smooth conidia. The delimitation of this new species is supported further by phylogenetic analyses of the beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences. (C) 2014 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To date, there has been only one published report on the infectious sclerokeratitis caused by Metarhizium anisopliae, which is an entomopathogenic fungus. Regarding corneal infection, three reports have been published to date. Although the prognoses of the corneal infections are favourable, prognosis when scleral infection is involved is very poor. A 76-year-old patient presented with foreign body sensation in the left eye. Microscopic examination with Fungi Flora Y staining of the corneal scraping revealed fungal infection. The conjunctiva was melted by the infection over a wide area. Although intensive medications were administered, an emergency surgery was necessary because scleral thinning, corneal perforation and lens prolapse occurred. The fungal isolate was identified as M. anisopliae by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region. Herein, we report the second known case worldwide of M. anisopliae sclerokeratitis, and we review the literature related to the ocular infections.

Heat-resistant fungi are often factors causing spoilage of heat-processed products. Contamination of agricultural raw materials is often a result of their contact with soil. Materials contaminated by spores of heat-resistant fungi can be a risk to consumers' health because of toxic metabolites (mycotoxins) produced by these microorganisms. Due to resistance of fungi to high temperatures they are able to survive industry pasteurization process. Therefore, the only way to prevent the growth of these microorganisms in the product is suitable selection of material by conducting tests for the presence of heat-resistant fungi. The use of traditional culture methods is long and, therefore, does not apply in the selection of raw materials for production. However, time is a critical factor in assessing the acceptance or rejection of a given batch of raw material, due to the necessity of processing it fresh, which is very important especially in the case of fruit.

The incidence of aspergillosis by Aspergillus infection has dramatically increased in recent years. Aspergillus udagawae, a species related to Aspergillus fumigatus, is known as an emerging pathogen of aspergillosis. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of A. udagawae strain IFM 46973T.

Purpose: To report a case of conjunctivitis due to Scedosporium apiospermum. Case: A 42-year-old female was referred to us for elevated lesion in the upper tarsal conjunctiva in the right eye. She was a habitual wearer of hard contact lens. She had been diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis 2 years before and been treated with topical corticosteroid and antibiotics. The eye discharge turned yellow 3 months before. Findings: The right eye showed copious discharge and hyperemic elevation in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Excisional biopsy showed inflammatory granulation and fungal balls. The causative organism was identified as S. apiospermum. The symptoms disappeared after resection of granular tissue and topical voriconazol for 3 months. Conclusion: This case illustrates that fungal organism may underlie in refractory conjunctivitis.

The aim of this study was to report the first case of polymicrobial fungal sclerokeratitis caused by infection with both Scedosporium apiospermum and Aspergillus cibarius, and notify the medical community of the possibility of infection caused by A. cibarius in humans. A 78-year-old woman presented to a medical practitioner with epiphora and a purulent discharge in her left eye. After concurrent administration of topical antibiotics and systemic steroids, her symptoms worsened, and she was referred to the Tokushima University Hospital. Because of suspected fungal infection, microscopic examination and cultivation of both corneal and scleral scrapings were performed. Fungi were observed on microscopic examination, and S. apiospermum was isolated only from the sclera in the early stage of the clinical course. Although administration of an adequate medication regimen comprising topical and systemic antifungal drugs resulted in an improvement in the sclera, keratitis persisted, and the infected sclera was melted. After scleral transplantation, administration of systemic caspofungin and high concentrations of voriconazole solution eye drops resulted in a gradual improvement in keratitis. A strain of filamentous fungus was isolated from the cornea 6 weeks after the cultivation on a Sabouraud agar plate, and it was identified as A. cibarius. A. cibarius may infect human tissue. Coinfection of the cornea and the sclera with 2 different species of fungi is likely to follow a complex clinical course.

Mucormycosis is a fatal complication in immunocompromised patients, and is additionally difficult to diagnose due to the lack of useful serum biomarkers. Using a quantitative PCR approach, we retrospectively analyzed Mucorales DNA load in sera collected serially from a 3-year-old patient with chronic granulomatous disease, who died of multi-organ failure probably due to dissemination of Rhizomucor pusillus, which was detected from necropsy specimens. Mucorales DNA load was below the detection limit on days 9, 2, and 4 after unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Rhizomucor DNA was first detected on day 14 (1.6 x 10(3) copies/mL), and subsequently fluctuated between 1.3 x 10(3) and 37.2 x 10(3) copies/mL until day 43. Rhizomucor achieved a peak value of 940.0 x 10(3) copies/mL on day 48 the day before death. The detection or fluctuation of Rhizomucor DNA appeared to be associated with corticosteroid dosages or C-reactive protein levels. This specific, noninvasive, and highly quantitative assay may be useful for the early diagnosis of mucormycosis and prediction of disease progression.

An 88-year-old man underwent uneventful phacoemulsification and aspiration with an implantation of a preloaded acrylic intraocular lens. Six months later, he developed endophthalmitis with negative aqueous cultures, and the inflammation was refractory to conventional antibacterial therapies. He was treated successfully with vitrectomy and removal of the IOL and the entire lens capsule. A combination of intravitreal voriconazole and systemic micafungin were prescribed, and the inflammation was resolved. As best we know, this is the first case of Aspergillus tubingenesis endophthalmitis that followed the implantation of a preloaded intraocular lens.

Recently the numbers of spoilage incidents in food industry by the species of Thermoascus are increasing, but the risk of food spoilage have never been evaluated. It became obvious that their heat-resistances were higher than those of other heat-resist fungi, Byssochlamys, Hamigera and Neosartoiya by our analyses. On the other hand, Thermoascus aurantiacus and Byssochlamys verrucosa had the idh gene, but they showed no patulin production in Potato dextrose broth or Czapek-glucose medium. Therefore, Thermoascus must be discriminated from other fungi in the food industry. We developed a rapid and highly-sensitive method of detecting Thermoascus in the genus level by using PCR. This method is expected to be extremely beneficial for the surveillance of raw materials in the food production process. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade. As a result of this, and the many new species described in recent years, it was necessary to update the list of accepted species in Penicillium. The genus currently contains 354 accepted species, including new combinations for Aspergillus crystallinus, A. malodoratus and A. paradoxus, which belong to Penicillium section Paradoxa. To add to the taxonomic value of the list, we also provide information on each accepted species MycoBank number, living ex-type strains and provide GenBank accession numbers to ITS, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2 sequences, thereby supplying a verified set of sequences for each species of the genus. In addition to the nomenclatural list, we recommend a standard working method for species descriptions and identifications to be adopted by laboratories working on this genus.

Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus decided to keep Aspergillus instead of using smaller genera. In this paper, we present the arguments for this decision. We introduce new combinations for accepted species presently lacking an Aspergillus name and provide an updated accepted species list for the genus, now containing 339 species. To add to the scientific value of the list, we include information about living ex-type culture collection numbers and GenBank accession numbers for available representative ITS, calmodulin, beta-tubulin and RPB2 sequences. In addition, we recommend a standard working technique for Aspergillus and propose calmodulin as a secondary identification marker.

Aspergillus huiyaniae, a new teleomorphic species isolated from desert soil in Xinjiang, China, was described and illustrated. Aspergillus huiyaniae is characterized by its yellowish white to pale yellow cleistothecia, broadly lenticular ascospores with two equatorial crests and irregularly ribbed to slightly reticulate convex surfaces, and subglobose to ovate or broadly ellipsoidal conidia with smooth walls. This species was supported further by the analyses of the beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences. (C) 2013 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Azole resistance among clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus is becoming a serious problem in Europe, but the status in Japan is not yet known in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the present status of azole resistance in A. fumigatus in Japan. We employed 171 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus sensu stricto collected from 1987 to 2008 at the Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Japan for azole resistance determination. Identification of all isolates were re-examined both from the aspect of morphology and molecular phylogeny. The antifungal susceptibility of these isolates was tested based on the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method. In our collection, only 1 (0.6%) and 2 isolates (1.2%) showed elevated MIC to voriconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Our study disclosed that the frequency of azole resistance in A. fumigatus still remains low in this collection. (C) 2014, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aspergillus caatingaensis and A. pernambucoensis, isolated from semi-desert soil in caatinga area, the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Aspergillus caatingaensis is characterized by its white cleistothecia, broadly lenticular ascospores with four equatorial crests and irregularly ribbed to slightly reticulate with aculeate convex surfaces, and ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal conidia with a smooth wall. Aspergillus pernambucoensis is characterized by its, white cleistothecia, lenticular ascospores with two equatorial crests and irregularly ribbed with tuberculate to verrucate convex surfaces, and ovoid to broadly ellipsoidal conidia with a smooth wall. The validation of these new species is supported further by analyses of the beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences. (C) 2013 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte species that is the most frequent etiologic agent of bovine dermatophytosis throughout the world. Since no teleomorph of T. verrucosum has been found, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on the genome of T. verrucosum isolated from the Czech Republic and Japan was performed to confirm the presence of a mating type locus in the genome of the fungus and to clarify its classification and ecological characteristics. The mating type gene (MAT1-2) allele was detected by PCR analysis in all 22 isolates (four isolates from the Czech Republic and 18 isolates from Japan). The nucleotide sequence of the region exhibited 99-100 % identity among all isolates, including the reference strain of T. verrucosum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region at the MAT1-2 locus clustered together in the isolates examined, forming a branch distinct from that of the other dermatophyte species. These results suggest that T. verrucosum is a clonal offshoot that has drifted away from Arthroderma benhamiae.

The morphology of 18 and seven species of fungi isolated from spoiled bean sprouts of Vigna spp. and soybean in Japan were respectively described, and DNA barcode markers of most isolates were sequenced to confirm the morphological identification. Fifteen and five species were isolated for the first time from Vigna spp. and soybean sprouts, including their ingredient grains, respectively. Globisporangium ultimum var. ultimum was newly recorded from the mung bean and most isolated fungi seemed to originate from the grains. Approximately 70% of isolates are recognized as plant pathogens and at least 14 species are known to be seed-borne. Inoculation experiments with representative strains of each species are needed to estimate the risks to bean sprout production and crop protection. Some strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from the soybean were already reported as producing high concentrations of deoxynivalenol. Aspergillus flavus, which was found in mung bean sprouts, is a well-known aflatoxin producer. The ingredient grains should be imported after complete sterilization to avoid hazards; not only to bean sprout production but to human health. The effects of previously used sterilization techniques should be re-examined with the strains of various fungi isolated in this study to make them more practical.

PURPOSE:: The aim of this study was to report the first case of polymicrobial fungal sclerokeratitis caused by infection with both Scedosporium apiospermum and Aspergillus cibarius, and notify the medical community of the possibility of infection caused by A. cibarius in humans. METHODS:: A 78-year-old woman presented to a medical practitioner with epiphora and a purulent discharge in her left eye. After concurrent administration of topical antibiotics and systemic steroids, her symptoms worsened, and she was referred to the Tokushima University Hospital. Because of suspected fungal infection, microscopic examination and cultivation of both corneal and scleral scrapings were performed. RESULTS:: Fungi were observed on microscopic examination, and S. apiospermum was isolated only from the sclera in the early stage of the clinical course. Although administration of an adequate medication regimen comprising topical and systemic antifungal drugs resulted in an improvement in the sclera, keratitis persisted, and the infected sclera was melted. After scleral transplantation, administration of systemic caspofungin and high concentrations of voriconazole solution eye drops resulted in a gradual improvement in keratitis. A strain of filamentous fungus was isolated from the cornea 6 weeks after the cultivation on a Sabouraud agar plate, and it was identified as A. cibarius. CONCLUSIONS:: A. cibarius may infect human tissue. Coinfection of the cornea and the sclera with 2 different species of fungi is likely to follow a complex clinical course. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams &amp Wilkins.

We describe a case of keratitis caused by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus and report the usefulness of molecular analysis in identifying the exact species of Streptomyces. A 50-year-old man was diagnosed with keratitis caused by Streptomyces sp. which was identified as S. thermocarboxydus by sequencing the 16S rDNA. He had no history of trauma or systemic diseases. He was initially treated with topical beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones, and systemic beta-lactams but the keratitis did not improve. His vision improved significantly after topical erythromycin (5 mg/ml and oral minocycline (200 mg/day) therapy. Our findings demonstrate that molecular analysis can be used to identify the exact Streptomyces species causing the keratitis. This then allowed us to determine the susceptibility of this species to different antibacterial drugs which were used to treat our patient successfully. (C) 2013, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Aspergillus viridinutans complex includes morphologically similar, soil-inhabiting species. Although its species boundaries have not been fully defined, many isolates from the complex have been isolated as opportunistic human and animal pathogens. In the present study, these species were dominant in spoil sites subjected to various types of reclamation management after coal mining. These species were characterised using two different PCR-fingerprinting methods, sequence data from the beta-tubulin (benA) and calmodulin (caM) genes, macro- and micromorphology (optical and scanning electron microscopy), maximum growth temperatures and mating experiments. In addition, RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), actin (act1) and ITS sequences were deposited for the ex-type isolates of newly described species. The mating experiment results, phylogenetic analyses and ascospore morphology suggested the presence of five species in the A. viridinutans complex. Aspergillus aureolus (syn. Neosartorya aureola) was the only homothallic species. Three species, A. felis, A. udagawae (syn. N. udagawae) and A. wyomingensis sp. nov., were heterothallic and their morphologically distinguishable teleomorph was induced by systematic mating experiments. Aspergillus viridinutans s. str. seems to be a very rare species and was represented only by the ex-type isolate in which the MAT1-1 locus was amplified. Aspegillus viridinutans and A. aureolus were typified in accordance with the rules of the new botanical code. Other species outside the A. viridinutans complex isolated from the reclamation sites were A. fumigatiaffinis and A. lentulus as well as two new sister species, A. brevistipitatus sp. nov. and A. conversis sp. nov. which were closely related each to other and to N. papuensis. Both new species are phylogenetically distant from all anamorphic species and resemble A. brevipes, A. duricaulis and A. unilateralis in micromorphology and are distinguishable from each other by the slower growth of A. conversis on all tested media. Interestingly, no isolate from the reclamation sites represented A. fumigatus s. str. which is usually reported as the dominant species from the section Fumigati in soil.

A 71-year-old man with interstitial pneumonia was hospitalized due to a pulmonary infection. He had been living in Thailand and had returned to Japan three months earlier. Antibiotic therapy initially cleared the infection; however, the patient's condition relapsed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Penicillium sp. were both detected in sputum and bronchial lavage fluid cultures and Penicillium sp. was identified to be P. marneffei. The infiltration observed on chest radiographs improved following treatment with itraconazole and tazobactam/piperacillin, and no relapse occurred. We herein report the first case of a non-HIV patient with P. marneffei infection in Japan.

Eight eyes of 7 patients with fungal disease received intravenous injections of 150 to 300 mg micafungin, and samples of blood, cornea, retina-choroid, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were collected. The micafungin levels in all collected samples exceeded the MICs; however, the levels in the vitreous and aqueous humors were lower. Our findings suggest that intravenous micafungin should be given in combination with intravitreal antifungal agents after vitrectomy in severe cases of intraocular fungal diseases.

In the beverage industry, peracetic acid has been increasingly used as a disinfectant for the filling machinery and environment due to merits of leaving no residue, it is safe for humans, and its antiseptic effect against fungi and endospores of bacteria. Recently, Chaetomium globosum and Chaetomium funicola were reported resistant to peracetic acid; however, little is known concerning the detail of peracetic acid resistance. Therefore, we assessed the peracetic acid resistance of the species of Chaetomium and related genera under identical conditions and made a thorough observation of the microstructure of their ascospores by transmission electron microscopy. The results of analyses revealed that C. globosum and C. funicola showed the high resistance to peracetic acid (a 1-D antiseptic effect after 900 s and 3-D antiseptic effect after 900 s) and had thick cell walls of ascospores that can impede the action mechanism of peracetic acid. We also developed specific primers to detect the C. globosum clade and identify C. funicola by using PCR to amplify the beta-tubulin gene. PCR with the primer sets designed for C. globosum (Chae 4F/4R) and C. funicola (Cfu 2F/2R) amplified PCR products specific for the C. globosum clade and C. funicola, respectively. PCR with these two primer sets did not detect other fungi involved in food spoilage and environmental contamination. This detection and identification method is rapid and simple, with extremely high specificity.

Two new and phylogenetically closely related species in Aspergillus section Fumigati are described and illustrated. Homothallic Aspergillus waksmanii sp. nov. was isolated from New Jersey soil (USA) and is represented by the ex-type isolate NRRL 179(T) (=CCF 4266(T)=Thom 4138.HS2(T)=IBT 31900(T)). Aspergillus marvanovae sp. nov. was isolated from water with high boracic acid anions content in Dukovany nuclear power station (Czech Republic). The sexual stage of this species is unknown, but the MAT1-1 locus was successfully amplified suggesting that the species is probably heterothallic and teleomorphic but is represented by only the ex-type isolate CCM 8003(T) (=CCF 4037(T)=NRRL 62486(T)=IBT 31279(T)=IFM 60873(T)). Both species can be distinguished from all previously described species in section Fumigati based on morphology, maximum growth temperature, sequence data from five unlinked loci and unique secondary metabolites profiles.