加藤 徹也

type:text [要約] 本研究では，教員養成学部の学生がプログラミングを経験し，プログラミングに対する苦手意識を軽減できるような教材を開発し，物理実験の授業の中で実践を行い，その効果を検討した。ここではM5Stack CORE2というマイコンを使用し，「プログラミングに慣れること」，「外部からデータを入力すること」，「マイコンから出力すること」をそれぞれねらいとした３種類の実習内容を開発した。授業実践ではプログラミング経験がない学生もいたが，最終的には意図したプログラムを自分たちで立てることができていた。また，授業実践の効果を見るために授業前後で同一のアンケート調査を行った。その結果，実際に経験したプログラミングの範囲ではあるが，プログラミングの過程への興味やプログラミングができるというスキル面での自信の向上がみられた。一方で，今回のプログラミングを経験しただけでは授業作成や実践をするにはまだ不足であると感じていることがわかった。

Despite both Japan and Indonesia incorporating critical thinking skill development into their educational curricula, Japanese students exhibit higher problem-solving abilities. To investigate the role of physics textbooks in nurturing problem-solving skills, a comparative and content analysis method was employed, focusing on two textbooks: The Basic Physics High School Textbook for Science by Sukenshuppan (JP-SKN) and Fisika 1 untuk Jurusan IPA by Tiga Serangkai (ID-TS). Foshay's teaching principles for problem-solving skills served as the analytical framework, consisting of 12 key points to identify problem-solving teaching features within the textbooks. Explicitly stated sub-chapters and consistently recurring implicit elements within each chapter were recognized as book features. The analysis revealed that JP-SKN encompasses a greater variety of problem-solving skill development features compared to ID-TS. While the quality of these features may differ, JP-SKN contains 16 book features aligned with problem-solving teaching principles, surpassing the 12 found in ID-TS. JP-SKN employs diverse approaches to foster problem-solving skills, including case studies, graphs, tables, illustrations, and interactive digital content. Its "Thinking Learning" feature (思考学習) encapsulates numerous problem-solving principles, providing instructions, structured problems, and encouraging the formulation of mental models for problem resolution. Conversely, ID-TS incorporates additional elements beyond problem-solving, such as promoting teamwork, scientific attitude, and offering numerous practice questions. These findings offer valuable insights and references for the development of learning resources that aim to promote critical thinking skills within Indonesia's new curriculum. Furthermore, they serve as a starting point for future research to explore how both countries interpret their respective curriculum mandates when designing representative textbooks, particularly concerning high school Physics subjects.

type:text [要約] 中学校の理科の授業では年間1,000件以上の負傷・疾病が報告されており，理科の観察・実験活動の安全な実施には危機管理の観点は必要不可欠なものである。万一，ケガを伴う事故が理科の授業中に起きた場合，当該生徒と理科担当教員だけでなく，養護教諭，管理職，保護者との連携が必要となる。この連携の第一歩となるのが，理科教員と養護教諭の連携である。ところが，両者の養成カリキュラムには教職を意識した学習・交流の機会は皆無であり，このため，事故発生時の対応・連携について何の知識もないまま，教員になっているのが現状である。そこで，この問題の解決を目指して理科教員と養護教諭の志望学生が共に学ぶ合同のロールプレイ演習教材を開発した。本報告ではロールプレイ演習教材開発の経緯について述べる。

type:text [要約] 学校における危機管理には，「事前」，「事故等発生時」，「事後」の３つの段階があり，学校危機管理においては，事故の未然防止だけではなく，事故発生を想定したクライシスマネジメントも重要である。事故対応をシミュレートすることは，いざ事故が起きたときの冷静な対応につながる。学校事故に関する様々な事態の想定は教員として不可欠なものである。そして，新任として教職に就き，ひとたび事故が発生すれば当事者としての対応が求められる。そこで，理科教員と養護教諭の志望学生が共に学ぶ合同のロールプレイ演習教材を開発した。本報告では開発したロールプレイ演習教材を用いた授業実践について報告する。授業実践に参加した学生の学びについて質問紙により調査したところ，開発した教材を用いた授業は，お互いの職と連携を意識することのできる良い機会をつくり出すことが出来ていた。さらに，参加学生が事故発生時の対応の流れを多様な視点から確認できたことや，理科および養護教諭の教員志望学生双方の連携意識が強まったことも推察された。

理科の実験に活動おいて安全な活動は最も重要なものであり， 事故や負傷の未然防止は欠かせない. 多くの場合， 授業は教員の裁量で進行するものであり， 安全に関する指導や配慮についても教員の知識や経験に委ねられている. そこで本研究では， 授業中の事故やケガ防止のための安全意識について理科教員に調査した. 調査対象は公立中学校に勤務する理科担当教員とし， 例として挙げる実験の題材は中学校1年生で行われることの多い「白い粉の実験」とした. 調査では， 白い粉の実験における安全配慮事項について自由記述形式で回答を得た. その回答から「火傷， 換気， 保護眼鏡， 食べる， アレルギー， 粉じん爆発」の各項目についての内容があったものを計上した. その結果， 8割を超える教員が火傷については意識的に注意していることがわかった.

Prompt determination of the positive or negative signs of charged objects promotes students’ understanding of electrostatics and motivates them to learn more about this field of physics. We developed a low-cost (about US$5) and easy-to-use device for checking the signs of the static charges in objects. It consists of two easy-to-build circuits, one for positive- and another for negative-charge detection. Both are composed of a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), an LED indicator, a tactile switch (momentary contact switch), and a jumper wire. In this paper, we provide instruction on how to build this device. Junior high school students who used it successfully created a triboelectric series by testing various daily-life materials. A free-response questionnaire revealed that the device is highly useful for consolidating students’ understanding of static electricity.

理科の教育目標は，観察，実験を通した学習を前提としている.これには，理科の観察，実験は安全に行われることが大前提である.しかし，理科の授業中に起こる負傷・疾病は計上させているものだけでも年間1，000件を超える.理科の授業中に事故が発生してしまった場合，第一発見者となるのは理科教員である.このため，事前のケガをしてしまった時のことの想定と，養護教諭との連携が欠かせない.本研究では理科教員と養護教諭を対象として，理科における危機管理の実態を明らかにするために質問紙調査を行った.本報告では，理科教員と養護教諭の校内体制の実状況と事故発生時の意識の差について報告する.調査の結果， 理科教員， 養護教諭共に校内の緊急・救急体制における教職員の意識はおおむね十分であると感じているものの，理科の授業中の事故発生を想定した場合の理科教員の自身の役割に関する意識は低い可能性があるという実態が示唆された.

我が国の理科教育では，科学の知識だけでなく，探究の過程に焦点を当てた教育が行われている.しかし，それを指導する立場にある教員自身の探究活動を行った経験は，大学時代の研究活動において得るのが一般的であり，探究活動とは何であるかを体験する全体的な取り組みはほぼ存在しない.探究活動における過程を体験することのできる活動として，オランダで開発されたExpeditionMunduがある.ここでは，科学の探究活動に必要な要素がなんであるかを科学者のロールプレイングゲームと言語活動を通して学ぶことができる.本研究では，オランダで開発されたムンドスを日本語に翻訳し，教員を志望する大学１年生を対象に，この活動が参加者の探究に関する考え方にどのような影響を与えるのかについてアンケートを用いて調査した.その結果，ムンドスは参加者の探究の過程における様々なプロセスについての想像力を向上させることがわかった.

<p>1．はじめに</p><p>一般に「物体が宙に浮かぶ」という現象は非常に不思議な印象を与えるものである．磁気浮上現象の演示は物性物理学が扱う現象に興味を持ってもらうためのデモンストレーションとして，さま</p>

<p>Chiba University has carried out a student exchange program called "Twin college envoys (TWINCLE)" as part of Japan's re-inventory project with the support of MEXT since 2012. The TWINCLE program has 12 partner universities in 5 ASEAN countries—Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Cambodia, and Vietnam. During the 5 years of the program, 246 ASEAN students visited Japan. This study analyzes the effect of the program, focused on the influence on the careers of ASEAN students through the program activities, using students' comments in activity reports from 2013 to 2016 using text-mining methods and subsequently cluster analysis methods. The results suggest that ASEAN students were interested in each activity in the TWINCLE program and had good impressions after participating in the program.</p>

<p>The TWINCLE program is a teacher internship program which aims to enhance mutual understanding of foreign cultures and to develop students' ability to succeed in overseas internships. In this study, reports written by students who participated in the program were analyzed by a text mining method to evaluate the changes in their ideas about the development and practice of the teaching materials. The results indicate that the students' attitudes towards science classes changed from 'simple lecture oriented classes' to 'problem-solving learning oriented classes'. Therefore, participating in the TWINCLE program is an effective way to change the students' image of the science class.</p>

Thermal expansion and dielectric measurements of RbCoBr<inf>3</inf>were performed to examine the lattice distortion accompanied by structural phase transitions. It was confirmed that RbCoBr<inf>3</inf>undergoes structural phase transitions at 90, 37, and 10 K because its linear thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of its linear thermal expansion coefficients showed clear anomalies at these temperatures. The pyroelectric charge measurement showed that a spontaneous electric polarization appears between 37 and 31 K and below 10 K. We propose a successive structural phase transition sequence and crystal symmetries at each phase.

The successive magnetic phase transitions of the distorted-triangular-lattice antiferromagnet RbFeBr3 have been investigated by single-crystal neutron diffraction measurements. The intermediate magnetic phase (T_{\text{N2 } } = 2.0\,\text{K}< T < T_{\text{N1 } } = 5.6\,\text{K}) appears as a partially disordered (PD) spin structure. An inclusive understanding of a distortion model of this crystal with the symmetry P6_{3}cm, which enables the spontaneous electric polarization and the PD spin structure with a weak ferromagnetic moment, was established.

High-field magnetization measurements were performed on a distorted triangular-lattice antiferromagnet, RbCoBr3. The magnetization curve shows anomalies characterized by two peaks of $\mathrm{d}M/\mathrm{d}H$. The temperature dependences of these peak positions approach the magnetic phase transition points at $H = 0$. The results suggest that an intermediate magnetic phase, which is known as the partial disordered phase, may appear even in a finite magnetic field.

Various shapes of electrified bodies or magnets and their arrangements in space cause quite interesting electromagnetic phenomena. Through finite-element-method calculations, we developed some educational content using these everyday phenomena. Just the recognition of induced inhomogeneous fields is quite helpful for understanding the properties of invisible fields. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

The structural changes of TlCoCl3 around phase IV ($68 < T < 75$ K) were studied by single-crystal neutron diffraction measurement. The present investigation revealed that a small but definite Bragg peak at $(1/6, 1/6, 2)$ appeared only in phase IV. A precursor phenomenon of the phase V ($T < 68$ K) structure in the phase IV temperatures was also identified as the coexistence of a slightly broadened $(1/4, 1/4, 2)$ Bragg peak. We confirmed that intermediate phase IV is a stable, nontransient, single phase with $2\sqrt{3}a \times 2\sqrt{3}a \times c$ unit cells. A possible sequence of structural phase transitions was proposed.

Powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction measurements were performed on RbCoBr3. The magnetic phase transitions of this compound are well explained by the Ising spin model for a distorted triangular lattice. Magnetic peaks of powder diffraction patterns at 34 and 20 K closely fit a partial disordered phase and a ferrimagnetic phase, respectively. The temperature dependences of the $(h,h,1)$ scan profile and magnetic Bragg peak heights at $(1,1,1)$, $(1/3,1/3,1)$, and $(2/3,2/3,1)$ were measured for a single-crystal sample. We conclude that the ferrimagnetic phase only exists below 30.5 K. The partial disordered phase is identified between 30.5 ($=T_{\text{N2 } }$) and 37.2 K ($=T_{\text{N1 } }$). We found a characteristic linear increase in the $(1,1,1)$ peak height below $T_{\text{N2 } }$ with decreasing temperature. These results show that a lattice distortion couples to the spin system. Numerical simulations are also performed to estimate magnetic interaction parameters.

We report magnetic Raman scattering in a distorted-triangular-lattice Ising-like antiferromagnet TlCoCl3. Below the Néel temperature, we observe several new Raman peaks from the quantized domain-wall pair excitations (Zeeman-ladder excitations). From their sequencies, we obtain the magnetic parameters of this system. We find that the orthorhombic lattice distortion causes a reduction of exchange interactions between the magnetic chains shifting to the opposite sides. The origin is discussed within a framework of superexchange interaction.

Polarized neutron inelastic scattering experiments have been carried out in the quasi－1D Ising－like antiferromagnet TlCoCl3. We observed the longitudinal magnetic fluctuation <TEX>$S_{zz} (\mathbf{Q}, \omega)$</TEX>for the spin－wave excitation continuum, which has not yet been observed in unpolarized neutron inelastic scattering experiments on the quasi－1D Ising－like antiferromagnets CsCoCl3 and TlCoCl3, together with the transverse magnetic fluctuation <TEX>$S_{xx} (\mathbf{Q}, \omega)$</TEX>. We compared both the obtained intensities of <TEX>$S_{xx} (\mathbf{Q}, \omega)$</TEX>and <TEX>$S_{zz} (\mathbf{Q}, \omega)$</TEX>with those calculated using the perturbation theory from the pure Ising limit by Ishimura and Shiba (IS), and a semi quantitative agreement was found.

In order to clarify structural and magnetic phase transitions of a hexagonal triangular antiferromagnet TlFeCl3, dielectric and magnetic susceptibilities, $D$–$E$ hysteresis loops and optical birefringence were measured. Successive structural phase transitions at 179 K($T_{2}$), 83 K($T_{3}$) and 79 K($T_{4}$) were identified. At a range of temperatures $T_{4} < T < T_{3}$ (phase IV), opened $D$–$E$ loops were clearly observed. The dielectric behavior of the successive structural phase transitions of TlFeCl3 were confirmed to be quite similar to those of KNiCl3 and RbMnBr3 which are Group I of KNiCl3-family crystals.

Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction study of the distorted-triangular-lattice antiferromagnet RbMnBr3 was carried out in order to clarify the crystal structure below $T_{4}\sim 222$ K (phase V) and to find the origin of spin arrangement below $T_{\text{N } }=8.5$ K. The phase-V diffraction pattern showed some systematic and accidental extinction of possible reflections with triple-domain formation. An orthorhombic structure of a space group symmetry $Pbca$ with a unit cell $2a_{0}\times\sqrt{3}a_{0}\times c_{0}$ ($Z=8$) was proposed. The triangular lattice of Mn2+ ions is distorted in a novel form, coined as a zigzag-row model. Spin arrangement of this model was deduced using the mean-field theory. Spin structures of RbMnBr3 in the incommensurately modulated LT (low-field triangular) and the commensurately modulated HT (high-field triangular) phases are described.

(formula presented) has a singlet ground state with the excitation gap (formula presented) The magnetic excitations in (formula presented) have been investigated by means of neutron inelastic-scattering experiments. The constant-(formula presented) energy scan profiles were collected in the (formula presented) plane. A well-defined single magnetic excitation mode was observed. The dispersion relations along four different directions were determined. The lowest excitation occurs at (formula presented) with integer h and odd l, as observed in (formula presented) A cluster series expansion up to the sixth order was applied to analyze the dispersion relations, and the individual exchange interactions were evaluated. It was demonstrated that (formula presented) is a strongly coupled spin-dimer system. © 2002 The American Physical Society.

Neutron elastic scattering experiments have been performed on the spin gap system TlCuCl3 in magnetic fields parallel to the b-axis. The magnetic Bragg peaks which indicate the field-induced Néel ordering were observed for the magnetic field higher than the gap field Hg ≈ 5.5 T at Q = (h, 0, l) with odd l in the a* - c* plane. The spin structure in the ordered phase was determined. The temperature and field dependence of the Bragg peak intensities and the phase boundary obtained were discussed in connection with a recent theory which describes the field-induced Néel ordering as a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons.

The spin-(formula presented) stacked triangular antiferromagnet (formula presented) with (formula presented) undergoes two phase transitions at zero field. The low-temperature phase is produced by doping a small amount of (formula presented) In order to investigate the magnetic structures of the two ordered phases, the neutron elastic scattering experiments have been carried out for the sample with (formula presented) It is found that the intermediate phase is identical to the ordered phase of (formula presented) and that the low-temperature phase is an oblique triangular antiferromagnetic phase in which the spins form a triangular structure in a plane tilted from the basal plane. The tilting angle, which is (formula presented) at (formula presented) decreases with increasing temperature, and becomes zero at the lower transition temperature (formula presented) An off-diagonal exchange term is proposed as the origin of the oblique phase. © 2001 The American Physical Society.

Specific heat and Faraday rotation magnetometry were used to determine the axial magnetic phase diagram of the dilute hexagonal antiferromagnet Fe0.85Mg0.15Br2. In contrast to metamagnetic pure FeBr2, the first-order line of transverse phase transitions, H-1(T), is disconnected with the antiferro-to-paramagnetic phase line H-c(T) and extends down to H-t = 0 at T-t approximate to 8. 7 K. This is attributed to symmetric off-diagonal exchange in the presence of structural disorder. Moreover, a spin-flop phase emerges beyond H-c(T) up to a bicritical point (T-b approximate to 9.3K, mu H-0(b) approximate to 1.3 T).

Neutron diffraction and magnetization measurements of the diluted crystal Fe1-xMgxBr2 (x ∼ 0.15) were performed. Successive phase transitions at zero applied field at TN1 ∼ 12 K and TN2 ∼ 10 K were found. A transverse ferromagnetic moment was detected just below TN2. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The dielectric and magnetic phase transitions in a triangular lattice antiferromagnet RbCoBr3 were studied by means of some dielectric, magnetic and calorimetric measurements. In this compound, which is a typical Ising-like antiferromagnet with antiferromagnetic moment along the hexagonal c-axis, a ferroelectric phase transition involving magnetic ordering with weak ferromagnetic moments confined in the c-plane was found to occur at TN(=73.0K). Those results imply that the magnetic ordering of this system is assisted by a polar lattice distortion, which can release partially the spin frustration due to the antiferromagnetic spin arrangement on a triangular lattice. This co-ordering is certainly ascribed to a probable competition between lattice-system and spin-system. Experimental data on this interesting phenomenon are presented and a possible mechanism is proposed.

It is found that KNiCl3, RbFeBr3, RbMnBr3, RbCoBr3 and TlFeCl3 belonging to a KNiCl3-type antiferromagnet undergo novel class of structural phase transitions which comprise magnetic phase transitions accompanied by spin-frustration in the c-plane and ferroelectric one. They have a prototype crystal structure of space group symmetry P63/mmc and change this symmetry to hexagonal P63cm or trigonal P3̄c1. Simultaneously, the configuration of the three kinds of the linear chains of face-sharing NiCl6-octahedra (h-h-h-packing) is displaced along the c-axis at the structural phase transitions. These compounds exhibit characteristic variations of the dielectric constant εc, lattice constant c and spontaneous polarization Ps in the structural and magnetic transitions. The compounds mentioned above and RbVBr3 are classified into three groups with respect to their dielectric and magnetic properties associated with the transitions. It is in particular interesting that RbCoBr3 develops simultaneously the ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic phase transitions at 37.0K.

Elastic neutron scattering experiments were carried out to investigate the magnetic structure and the critical behaviour of the mixed triangular antiferromagnetic system CsMn(Br0.19I0.81)(3), for which our previous magnetic measurement revealed the macroscopic anisotropy to be negligible. It is found that in the ordered state below T-N = 8.29 K, the spin planes in which the spins lie with the 120 degrees structure are tilted from the basal plane, and that the average of the tilting angle phi is evaluated as [cos(2) phi] = 0.362, i.e. [phi] = 53 degrees. This result suggests that the present system is almost at the Heisenberg limit for the interaction. The critical exponent for the sublattice magnetization is obtained as beta = 0.28 +/- 0.02, which is in agreement with the value predicted for the chiral Heisenberg universality class.

Magnetic excitation spectra of the spin S = 1/2 system of the KCuCl3-family crystals are studied by neutron inelastic scattering experiments. The obtained dispersion curves of KCuCl3 for Q changed in the a*-c* plane showed that this compound is likely to be a quasi-two-dimensionally coupled antiferromagnetic-dimer spin system.

CsMnBr3 and CsMnI3 are known to be triangular antiferromagnets with planar and axial magnetic anisotropy, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility and torque measurements have been carried out to investigate the ralationship between the magnetic anisotropy and phase transition in the mixed triangular antiferromagnetic system, CsMn(BrxI1-x). The phase diagram for the Néel temperature TN versus the bromine concentration x is obtained. With increasing x, the intermediate ferrimagnetic phase becomes narrower and it vanishes at xc = 0.19, where the magnetic anisotropy generally vanishes.

Single-crystal neutron inelastic scattering was performed in order to investigate the magnetic excitations of KCuCl3, which has a singlet ground state with an excitation gap. The constant-Q energy scan profiles are collected at T=8 K for selected reciprocal points in the $a^{\star}$–$c^{\star}$ plane which includes the double-chain direction (a-axis). Dispersion relations along the $a^\star$- and $c^{\star}$-axes are determined. It is suggested that the present system can be magnetically described as a coupled antiferromagnetic dimer system rather than a double spin chain. The lowest excitation energy is determined to be 2.70 meV at Q=(0,0,-1) and (1,0, &plusmn;1), the value of which is consistent with our previous evaluation of the excitation gap from the high-field magnetization measurement.

Structural and magnetic phase transitions of triangular lattice antiferromagnets of xy-like RbFeBr3, RbVBr3 and Ising-like RbCoBr3 have been studied by measuring thermal expansions and dielectric constants. RbFeBr3 shows a very small cusp-like anomaly of the thermal expansion along the c-axis in the ferroelectric phase transition (39.5 K). It is suggested that a lattice distortion of RbVBr3 along the c-axis is an order parameter of the structural phase transition, which can correspond to displacements of the two linear chains, which are columns of VBr6-octahedra. New structural and magnetic phase transitions of RbCoBr3 were found at 90 and 11 K respectively. Strong dielectric anomalies attributed to the onset of the magnetic ordering process were measured for RbVBr3 and RbCoBr3 but not for RbFeBr3.

By measuring dielectric constant and linear thermal expansion magnetic phase transitions of KNiCl3-type antiferromagnets are studied from a view point of distortion of the triangular lattice in the basal c-plane which is induced by structural phase transitions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.