久保 光徳

本論文は, 枝付け根付近に見られる自己補強形態であるあて部の生物学的適応挙動に着目し, この適応挙動を再現する有限要素解析シミュレーションを用いることによって力学的適応形状の生成を目標としたものである。本形状生成シミュレーションでは, 力学的適応性を支配する応力-ひずみ関係式を[弾性領域], [塑性領域], [生長領域]の三領域にわたる連続的な応力-ひずみ関係曲線として定義した。これにより, まず初期形状の一部が弾性状態から塑性状態に変移し, その後にその塑性の進行度合いに応じて部分的に再硬化する, つまり生長状態となる数値的適応挙動を再現した。スパナ形状をケーススタディとして, 最終的に再硬化したすべての部分を生成形状と定義し, その形状に対する光弾性実験および破断試験による検討を行った。これらの結果より, 既存アプリケーションが有する材料非線形解析機能を活かすことで生物学的適応挙動を模倣した形状生成が可能であることを示唆できた。

一般的な最適設計手法により創出される形状が, 経験則や既存データに基づいた初期形状に対する局所的な形状変更の域に留まっていることの問題点に着目し, 初期形状にとらわれない形状設計手法の可能性についての基礎的検討を行った。有限要素解析に従って, 任意の柔らかさを有する正方形状の二次元テーブルを設定し, その境界の影響が比較的少ないテーブル中央部に, 拘束条件と荷重条件のみを設定した。そして, 塑性理論に基礎を置く生長硬化理論に従って形状生成を行った。本形状生成過程においては, 骨折部近傍に見られる骨の生長と縮退を数値的に模倣するために, 材料非線形解析による繰り返し計算のサイクル数を寿命とする淘汰要素を提案するとともに, 塑性ヒンジ効果を考慮した応力-ひずみ関係式を提案した。最後に, 本形状生成手法が, 初期形状を必要とせず, 力学的な妥当性を維持しつつも多様な形状を創出することの可能性を有している手法であることを示唆した。

This paper proposed a guide that is essential in order to design toilet space. By investigating the questionnaire about toilet and implementing the factor analysis, it was cleared that the youngster and the antediluvian give a kind of priority to sanitation and habitability, respectively. Furthermore, design elements that compose image of toilet space were extracted with the repertory grid technique. As a result, the calmness and the cleanness were selected as the elements that locate in the highest class. The former was needed at all generation, while the necessity of the latter depended on the generations. It was suggested that the toilet design to have considered the generations and the preference was needed.

In case of this study, as the means to fulfill the lifetime that object has, the affection for object was systematized. Fron the results of the questionnaire investigation and the interviewing investigation that uses the Repertory Grid Technique, the graph systematized was made. As a result, the four factors of occurrence of affection was found out. That factors is that object be equipped with the excellent structure and mechanism, that good materials be used for object, that object be equipped with the characteristic which isn't in the other object and that the new sense of value occurs to the object.

This paper was intended as investigation of relaion between visual image affected by shape and dynamical characteristic that relates to the shape. Simple cantilevers were chosen in order to exclude the prejudice received from products. The stress distribution was calculated by the finite element method as the dynamical characteristic. As a result of the sensory evaluation, the visual image was explained. Furthermore, the following three relations were suggested by considering the rerations between the distributions and the visual images. (1) The average of principal stresses and the sense of stability. (2) The average with angle of principal stress vectors and the sense of relief. (3) The standard deviation of angles of principal stress vectors and the sense of novelty.

This work is an attempt to chart the rise in popularity of the chair use in modern Japan. As a part of this work, this study investigated the intentional value of chairs that had bcen expected by the people in Meiji and Taisho era At first, 214 books was checked to see what was regarded as the merits and demerits of the chair use. Then 29 document was found and 8 1 merits and demerits was extracted. Next they was classified into four categories : usefulness, popularity, trendiness and economy. Finally, the usefulness of chair use was discussed to clarify the intentional value of chairs. Then it was observed that the chair had been expected to bring the following effects : to help the growth and health of the bodies; to enable the people to be active; to increase the efficiency of the daily life.

The purpose of this study is to develop the implement as a means for reducing uncomfortableness of waiting. To begin with, the various elements which is concerned with waiting were systematized by KJ method. From its result, it was found that the relation between the psychological condition and the time was an essential element. Then a hypothesis atout waiting was made. The hypothesis established by observations the behavior of waiting persons. By making use of design methods considered from the hypothesis, problems that the investigation made clear were solved. Finally a implement for waiting to support body was proposed.

This study is an attempt to realize both volume reduction and comfortableness of car seat by using a new material and structure. At first, evaluation items for car seat were extracted by brainstormihg and survey of ergonomics' studies. Next, the hierarchical structure of the evaluation items was made by the DEMATEL method. The relation between the requirement items in designing the car seat was clarified by the method of pair comparisons in AHP. The result of this analysis made it clear that mesh was suitable material for realizing the volume reduction and comfortableness. Finally, the functional model was made and it was confirmed that mesh meets the requirements.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of material of a beer cup on its taste from the view point of the froth on beer. First, the height of froth layer of beer had been measured in the two cups made of glass and ceramic respectively, after it had just poured into a cup. Next, the taste of beer were evaluated with five kinds of cup : each cup was made of different material. Two kinds of beer was also evaluated to examine the influence of material by a kind of beer. It was suggested the difference of material of cup affects to frothing because of the surface property and the taste of beer depends on the kind of not only material but also beer.

In this study, it is tried to propose a chair used by patients for psychotherapy. To make clear requirements to the chair, an interview to the psychiatrist were carried out. Subsequently, sitting image of five kinds of materials for chair cushion were evaluated using SD method. Obtained results were analyzed by factor analysis. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The shape of the chair affects on patient's feeling of relief, 2) A chair with gel as a cushion gives the patients feeling that is gentle and steady. Finally, an easy chair with gel was proposed for patient psychotherapy.

The purpose of this paper is to realize an automatic variable transmission for bicycle using elastic material. To clarify the performance required to the transmission of bicycle, both a field survey for measurement incline and distance of 22 slopes and an subjective experimental to make clear the comfortable pedaling load were carried out. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Almost incline of slopes were less than at an angle of 7 degree, 2) The comfortable pedaling load was about 20kgf. Finally, an automatic continuously transmission with plastic plates was proposed to satisfy above requirements.

The purpose of this paper is to make clear a screening effect of electromagnetic shielding material with charcoal powder and water. The screening effect of the material was estimated using the Schelkunoff theory. A summary of the results is shown below. (1) The material with charcoal powder and water layer has good screening effect against electromagnetic wave in the range of lOkHz to 100MHz. (2) The water layer between the shielding materials is effective to shield electromagnetic wave. (3) The thickness of the shielding material is not affected on screening effect of electromagnetic waves very much.

近年, 製品に対するニーズが多様化する傾向にあり, 製品開発においてユーザーの嗜好性の違いを考慮した設計方法の構築が望まれている。そこで, 嗜好性の違いを考慮する方法として, ロバスト設計の方法に注目した。ロバスト設計とは, 製品における機能のばらつきに対処する方法である。本研究では, この方法を基に, 機能のばらつきを人の嗜好性の違いに置き換えることで, 嗜好性の違いを考慮する設計方法の構築を図った。具体的には, 自動車用シートのギャザーパターンをケーススタディーとして, シート設計におけるいせ込み量と引張力を制御因子, ギャザーパターンの外観に対する嗜好性の違いを誤差因子とし, ロバスト設計の手順に従うことで設計方法の構築を試みた。また, 従来の設計方法と比較することにより, 本方法の有効性を検討した。その結果, 今回の方法が製品設計において嗜好性の違いを考慮する上で有効であることを示した。

自動車用革製シートのギャザーパターンに対するユーザーニーズを明らかにするために, 本研究ではギャザーパターンに対するユーザーの評価構造と嗜好性の違いを明らかにすることを目的とした。まず, 予備実験として, 順位法を用いた革製ギャザーシートの嗜好調査を行った。双対尺度法による解析の結果, (1)シート表皮色, (2)立体感, (3)ギャザーパターン, の三つの評価要因が得られ, ギャザーパターンの重要性が確認できた。そこで, ギャザーパターンを対象とした官能評価実験を行った。因子分析の結果, そのイメージは「大胆さ・規則性・柔らかさ・優雅さ・はり」などの因子で構成され, 「大胆さや規則性」のイメージはギャザーの本数や長さの影響を受けることが明確となった。さらに, ギャザーパターンに対する嗜好性によって被験者を層別化したところ, 被験者を(a)シートの「柔らかさ」を重視し, ギャザー本数の多いパターンを好むグループと(b)シートの「はり」を重視し, ギャザー本数の少ないパターンを好むグループの二つに大別できた。

本研究では, 5名の男子学生を被験者とし, 弛緩状態での座姿勢と仰臥姿勢において, 2-20Hzの垂直正弦振動を受ける人体の振動伝達特性を, 伝達率と位相差によって検討した. 伝達率は, 人体上の振動加速度実効値を振動台垂直加速度実効値に対する比率で表したものとし, 位相差は, 人体と振動台間の振動加速度の位相角で表した. また振動刺激に対する身体各部位の揺れの感覚について主観評価を行った. その結果, (1) 2Hzでは座姿勢, 仰臥姿勢ともに体全体が1つの剛体として, 振動台とほぼ同じ振幅と位相で振動した. (2) 5Hzと8Hzでは身体の振動が強くなって, しかも姿勢と被験者により各部位の振動状況がかなり異なった. (3) 11-20Hzの範囲では足部と頭部の振動を強く感じる一方, 腹部と胸部はほとんど減衰していることが明らかとなった. 本実験の結果から, 人体における振動の伝播は振動刺激の種類, 方向, 周波数, 強度のほかに, 被験者の体型と姿勢などから大きな影響を受けていることが明らかとなった.

新たなアクチュエータの実現を目的として,ゲルの電場応答収縮性について検討を行った。検討の結果,ゲル生成過程における冷解凍サイクル数の増加に伴って,電場応答収縮性が向上することを確認し,このゲルが電動アクチュエータになりうることを確認した。直流電場の影響を受ける場合,このゲルは陰極側で著しく収縮するが,この現象に基づいて,ゲルが電極に巻き付く挙動を実現した。また,この現象を応用して,電場によって駆動するゲルを用いた二つのロボットを提案した。一つは,巻き付き挙動によってマイクロカプセルを把持,解放するものであり,他方はへびのような生体を模倣した歩行ロボットである。このように,ゲルを用いることによって新たな運動様式を有するアクチュエータが可能となり,アクチュエータならびにロボットのデザインを変えうる可能性を示唆した。

In order to clarify the effect of odors of seven coniferous woods on human, contingent negative variation (CNV) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were measured. Four of the species used, hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa), sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), akamatsu (Pinus densiflora), and hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai), were grown in Japan, and three of them, Alaska cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata), were grown in the United States. The concentrations of their wood odors were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The total concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbon in the wood odors was held to less than 3ppb.<br>The amplitudes of early components of CNV and the &alpha;/&beta; wave ratio of EEG at the frontal (Fz) and central (Cz) regions between in the presence and absence of wood odors were compared. 5 male and 5 female volunteers ranging in age from 20 to 26 were examinated. The result obtained are summerized as follows:<br>(1) In the presence of wood odors, the early CNV amplitudes at Fz decreased at a statistical level of significance of 5% or better.<br>(2) The &alpha;/&beta; wave ratio of EEG increased significantly at Cz with hiba wood odor (p<0.01).<br>(3) The decrease of the early CNV amplitude at Fz is related to the concentration of &alpha;-pinene in the wood odors.

本研究では, 5名の男子学生を被験者とし, 弛緩状態での座姿勢と仰臥姿勢において, 2-20Hzの垂直正弦振動を受ける人体の振動伝達特性を, 伝達率と位相差によって検討した. 伝達率は, 人体上の振動加速度実効値を振動台垂直加速度実効値に対する比率で表したものとし, 位相差は, 人体と振動台間の振動加速度の位相角で表した. また振動刺激に対する身体各部位の揺れの感覚について主観評価を行った. その結果, (1) 2Hzでは座姿勢, 仰臥姿勢ともに体全体が1つの剛体として, 振動台とほぼ同じ振幅と位相で振動した. (2) 5Hzと8Hzでは身体の振動が強くなって, しかも姿勢と被験者により各部位の振動状況がかなり異なった. (3) 11-20Hzの範囲では足部と頭部の振動を強く感じる一方, 腹部と胸部はほとんど減衰していることが明らかとなった. 本実験の結果から, 人体における振動の伝播は振動刺激の種類, 方向, 周波数, 強度のほかに, 被験者の体型と姿勢などから大きな影響を受けていることが明らかとなった.

The evaluation of vibration sensation is a problem which has large individual differences. In order to clarify the relationship between posture and psychological response, human sensation to whole-body vibration (from 2 to 11 Hz) in sitting and lying postures was evaluated by the semantic differential method, and the influences of posture on the evaluation were investigated by using the fuzzy measure. Furthermore, the paired t-test was used to test the significant differences in the results of evaluation between the two postures. The results were as follows: (1) Psychological responses of human beings to whole-body vibration were greatly affected by the postures. (2) Changes of the psychological responses in the lying posture were smaller than those in the sitting posture. (3) There were significant differences between sitting and lying postures in the evaluation results of physiological factor, psychological factor and synthetic evaluation (P < 0.025).

In order to clarify the structure of [PVA-PAA] gels, the infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetric data of the gels during the freezing-thawing cyclic process were obtained and the results of tensile properties and contractility by electric potential were discussed.<br>The results obtained are summarized as follows:<br>(1) During the freezing process, cross-linking occurred and the [PVA-PAA] aqueous solution was gelled. This is considered due to the increase of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in PVA.<br>(2) During the freezing process, intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PVA and PAA seemed to increase in parallel with the number of freezing-thawing cycle.<br>(3) The total exothermic enthalpy decreased during the freezing process for PVAs of DP 1700 and 3500, but increased for PVA of DP 2600. This behavior is attributable to the difference in PVA molecular weight.<br>(4) The [PVA-PAA] gels form phase-separated networks that include PAA microdomains containing a large amount of water molecules.<br>(5) The tensile properties and contractility by electric potential were improved with increasing freezing-thawing cycle. Those are due to the fact that [PVA-PAA] gel is phase-separated networks.

要求特性の把握から設計・試作に至る複合材料の開発過程は,検討すべきパラメータが多岐にわたるために試行錯誤に依存せざるを得ない状況にあり,材料開発を支援する効率的な手法の開発が求められている。本研究では,階層構造ニューラルネットモデルが有する学習・推測能力を活用することにより,任意の複合材料構成から材料物性値を予測する推論モデルの構築を試みた。モデルの構築に際しては,入力データとして複合材料構成を特徴づけるパラメータ,出力データとして5種類の力学的特性値[最大曲げ応力・曲げ弾性率・曲げひずみ率・最大応力時までの吸収エネルギー・破断までのエネルギー]を使用し,総合誤差・学習回数・ニューロン数・中間層数などの検討を行った。また,構築した推論モデルを用いて,積層構成の違いによるハイブリッド効果出現挙動を検討した。

Recently, a contractile [PVA-PAA\\ gel that responds to electric potential was developed. For various applications of the [PVA-PAA\\ gel, it is important that the tensile properties and the structure of the gel are clarified. In this paper, the effect of PAA concentration was examined to obtain the relationship between the tensile property and the structure. [PVA-PAA\\ aqueous solutions were gelled by freezing-thawing cyclic processing (freezing : — 60°C/5 hr, thawing : + 15°C/5 hr, number of freezing-thawing cycles : 5 cycle). The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) All of the initial Young's modulus, apparent Young's modulus and maximum stress decreased as the PAA concentration increased. These behaviors are attributable to not only the decrease of cross-linking density in PVA polymer chains by mixed PAA but also the hindering of orientation of PVA polymer chains by PAA under the deformed condition. (2) Both the strain energy and the maximum strain reached maximum at PAA concentration: 5 wt%. This behavior is observed at the PAA/PVA molar ratio smaller than 0.3. (3) PAA contributes to the degeneration of tensile property at an infinitesimal deformation region and to the improvement of elongation of PVA polymer chain at a large deformation region. At the break point, the decrease of tensile property was due to the decrease of cross-linking density by PAA. (4) From the above results, it is suggested that [PVA-PAA\\ gels form phase-separated networks. © 1995, The Society of Materials Science, Japan. All rights reserved.

要求特性の把握から設計・試作に至る複合材料の開発過程は,検討すべきパラメータが多岐にわたるために試行錯誤に依存せざるを得ない状況にあり,材料開発を支援する効率的な手法の開発が求められている。本研究では,階層構造ニューラルネットモデルが有する学習・推測能力を活用することにより,任意の複合材料構成から材料物性値を予測する推論モデルの構築を試みた。モデルの構築に際しては,入力データとして複合材料構成を特徴づけるパラメータ,出力データとして5種類の力学的特性値[最大曲げ応力・曲げ弾性率・曲げひずみ率・最大応力時までの吸収エネルギー・破断までのエネルギー]を使用し,総合誤差・学習回数・ニューロン数・中間層数などの検討を行った。また,構築した推論モデルを用いて,積層構成の違いによるハイブリッド効果出現挙動を検討した。

Recently, a contractile [PVA-PAA] gel that responds to electric potential was developed. For various applications of the [PVA-PAA] gel, it is important that the tensile properties and the structure of the gel are clarified. In this paper, the effect of PAA concentration was examined to obtain the relationship between the tensile property and the structure. [PVA-PAA] aqueous solutions were gelled by freezing-thawing cyclic processing (freezing: -60&deg;C/5hr, thawing: +15&deg;C/5hr, number of freezing-thawing cycles: 5 cycle).<br>The results obtained are summarized as follows:<br>(1) All of the initial Young's modulus, apparent Young's modulus and maximum stress decreased as the PAA concentration increased. These behaviors are attributable to not only the decrease of cross-linking density in PVA polymer chains by mixed PAA but also the hindering of orientation of PVA polymer chains by PAA under the deformed condition.<br>(2) Both the strain energy and the maximum strain reached maximum at PAA concentration: 5wt%. This behavior is observed at the PAA/PVA molar ratio smaller than 0.3.<br>(3) PAA contributes to the degeneration of tensile property at an infinitesimal deformation region and to the improvement of elongation of PVA polymer chain at a large deformation region. At the break point, the decrease of tensile property was due to the decrease of cross-linking density by PAA.<br>(4) From the above results, it is suggested that [PVA-PAA] gels form phase-separated networks.

木目模様の方向の嗜好とその背景にある心理的要因を明確にするために,模様の方向の官能評価実験およびイメージの解析を行った。官能評価実験には(1)木目模様の複写,(2)木目模様を連想させる線模様,(3)山形模様の3種類の模様を用い,これらの方向の嗜好を一対比較法によって評価した。評価に寄与する心理的要因はカード間の評価の相関関係と,数量化理論III類によるイメージ構造の解析結果から検討を行った。その結果,木目模様では方向の嗜好が水平・垂直方向に偏り,なかでも上方向と右方向の評価が高いことが確認できた。また,数量化理論III類によって,模様イメージはI)緊張感,II)親近感,III)活動感の3要因で構成されることが明確となった。これらの結果を併せて検討したところ,模様イメージのI)緊張感とII)親近感が木目模様の方向の嗜好に影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。