安森 亮雄

The aim of this paper is to clarify the townscape consisting of stone walls made of Boshu stone in the Kanaya district of Futtsu City, Chiba prefecture. First, the district was divided into four areas, and a total of 159 stone walls were surveyed and analyzed. Secondly, 6 typologies were analyzed from the kinds of stone walls, stacking methods, and surface finishes. Finally, we clarified the characteristic townscapes from the distribution of types in each area.

This study explores 10 “new manufacturing creation hub” in Sumida-Ward. First, the structures, facilities, and uses of buildings were examined. Secondly, the locations, transportation access, surrounding facilities, and characteristics of the area were assessed. Thirdly, the activities, events, and participant profiles were researched. Based on these patterns, insights into the formation of better community spaces are provided. This study will consider the interrelationships and identify the roles, challenges, and improvement points of the locations in contributing to community development in Sumida-Ward.

The aim of this paper is to clarify the permeability and continuity of street space through the practice of the Chiba Park Street Pedestrian Zone. First, the frontage configuration of roadside building are examined. Secondly, the installation of elements such as furniture are examined. Thirdly, activities by people staying at the time of road utilization are examined. By integrating them for each frontage, the permeability as combination with frontage, installation and activity are examined. Finally, through the sequence of them, the continuity of the street space are clarified before and after the practice.

As many new issues are arising in current days, it is necessary to educate students so they can cope with these issues based on multi-disciplinary knowledge and skills. The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology – (DUT) in Vietnam and Utsunomiya University (UU) in Japan have been holding annual workshops from 2018 to 2022. This approach aimed to create opportunities for students to acquire new knowledge, skills, experience with students from a different country, culture and discipline. The main purpose of this paper is to review the process and the output of the workshops, whether they were relevant to developing and enhancing students’ knowledge and abilities for urban planning and other academic skills, to confirm the possibility of addressing various socio-economic issues in today’s society. As for the method, the authors analyze the series of five workshops by a questionnaire survey to the students and evaluate them from the aspect of their specialties. The authors found that responses differed according to students’ nationality, the venue of the workshop, and how the workshop was held. However, on the whole, the workshops proved to be a good opportunity for students to learn new things. From the point of view of faculty, the students performed favorably. Nonetheless, some suggestions were raised for improvement of future workshops. As a conclusion, the workshops were all in all successful in developing human resources in urban planning, as students acquired knowledge not only by reading or listening like in a classroom, but also by communicating, discussing, seeing and observing actual sites, and exchanging ideas and thoughts with students from a different country and discipline.

The aim of this paper is to clarify composition of Oya-stone buildings and townscape at Kamitawara district in Utsunomiya city. Firstly, we found 53 stone-buildings at 21 sites in the districts. 4 typologies of stone-buildings were analyzed through the construction method and the functions of buildings. Secondly, the composition of the sites was analyzed through the layout of the buildings and relationship to farmland and stone wall. Finally, we found 2 characteristic types of townscape which reflect local architectural culture with local materials and agricultural style.

In modern architecture, stone has been used as an important material along with iron, glass, and concrete. We can see the locality in the buildings built with local stones. Since Japan is a volcanic country, tuff, which is made from volcanic ash and has soft texture, is produced all over the country. In this paper, the characteristics of buildings using stone, especially Oya-stone, which is a tuff produced in Utsunomiya city in Kanto area, are clarified through the propagation of Modernism and Regionalism. In Japanese modern architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright used Oya-stone in the former Imperial Hotel in 1923 and in the former Yamamura Residence in 1924. His disciple Arata Endo also used Nikka-stone, which is a tuff produced in Hokuriku area, in the former Koshien Hotel in 1930. In 1951 after WWII, Junzo Sakakura, Le Corbusier’s disciple, also used Oya-stone in the pilotis in the Kanagawa Museum of Modern Art. Moreover, Yoshiro Taniguchi used it for the Eiji Yoshikawa Memorial in 1977. Those modern architects’ stone works are examined. Moreover, stone buildings such as storehouses or barns were also constructed by unknown masons in Japan. Stone were used for these vernacular buildings near the producing sites and formed their townscape. Their typologies are examined through the construction methods, the details, the usages, and so on. Furthermore, the Folk Art Movement called “Mingei” also discussed Oya-stone focusing on its anonymous design. Finally, the characteristics of Japanese stone buildings are clarified through the comparative study of the modern architects’ works and vernacular buildings.

The Japanese style of architecture has traditionally been centered on wood; however, stone from the surrounding regions has also been used as a construction material in some instances. In a volcanically active country like Japan, tuff originating from solidified volcanic ash, is quite common. The tuff, thanks to its low specific gravity and softness, is easier to process. Oya stone, a kind of tuff predominantly found in Utsunomiya City (Tochigi Prefecture, approximately 100 km north of Tokyo), has been utilized as a building material. In this study, the typology of stone buildings and townscapes in the Nishine District of Tokujirou Town is elucidated. Tokujira stone, which is similar to Oya stone, was quarried here earlier. First, 62 stone buildings at 22 sites in the district were identified, which were subsequently classified into eight types according to the construction method (such as piling stones, cladding stones, and foundation stones), as well as the use of the buildings (such as storehouses and residences). Second, the site composition was analyzed according to the building layout and its relationship with the primary highway. For this purpose, three characteristic townscape types were identified, which reflect the local architectural culture, materials, and technique.

<p> Amongst all the local industries, the pour-dyeing operates mass production with some handicraft; pouring chemical dye on the folded cotton by hand makes patterns for towels and kimonos. These dyeing factories have developed along the urban river because of its use of water and great transportation links. The process and the fabric forms, such as folded or spread, determine the settings. These spatial settings disclose the close relationship between the things, architecture, and city. This research targets the dyeing factories, and aims to clarify the spatial settings from the viewpoint of the thigs used and the characteristics shown in the townscape caused by them. This paper specifically targets 6 factories from the main producing areas: 3 factories from Utsunomiya, Tochigi; 1 from around Arakawa River in Tokyo; 1 from Hamamatsu, Shizuoka; and 1 from Sakai, Osaka.</p><p> </p><p> First, manufacturing flow is grasped and organized; it is divided into 6 phases and 25 steps. The condition of the fabric is classified as the preservation, the processing, and transportation to the next process. Secondly, the spatial settings and the fabric forms are organized as a set. The usual size of the fabric is 37cm by 12.5m which is just enough to make one kimono.There are 3 different forms of the fabric; rolled up into a small size (S), folded flat into a middle size (M) and largely spreaded form (L). Also, the architectural parts such as floors, walls, ceilings, roofs, etc. are reviewed and organized. With all these factors, 13 "patterns of setting" were derived. Thirdly, the composition of factory shapes is reviewed and organized into 5 patterns by the number of the floors, the shape of the roofs and the structure.</p><p> </p><p> Finally, the relationship between things, architecture, city, and surroundings were clarified. In the Nakagawa dye factory in Utsunomiya (No. 1), the stone warehouse, creating the local town scenery, is the starting and the endpoint of the site. The two story building being the center among the seriate of one-story buildings, and the fabrics hung on the scaffold and the rods are exposed to the street and riverside. The Fukui dye factory (No. 2), which locates on a small site, the storefront is exposed on the street and washing and drying equipment on the riverside. The Ebaman dye factory (No. 3), which doesn't face a river, has a scaffold in the middle, and the manufacturing flow expands as the fabric comes and goes from one building to another. The Murai dye factory in Tokyo (No. 4) is located in a small corner lot. The water tank and the scaffold are stacked as a unified form, and the scenery of the fabrics hanging from there makes the landmark. In the Nihashi dye factory in Hamamatsu (No. 5), all the process are completed inside the building. The variety of roof shapes are shown instead of the equipment being exposed. The building of the Nakani dye factory in Osaka (No. 6) is piled up over the entire site instead of spreading, and the scaffold in the middle makes a distinguishing characteristic of the site.</p><p> </p><p> The results stated above are the re-examining of the things, the architecture in which things are produced, the city, and the natural environment. The re-establishment of the relationship between the region and the things, which have been divided by industries since modern times, has a significant value.</p>

<p>The aim of this paper is to clarify composition of Oya-stone buildings and townscape at Tanaka and Monzen district, Tokujirou town in Utsunomiya city. Firstly, we found 127 stone-buildings at 38 sites in the districts. 11 typologies of stone-buildings were analyzed through construction method and functions of buildings. Secondly, composition of the sites was analyzed through layout of the buildings and relationship to farmland and topography. Finally, we found 3 characteristic types of townscape which reflect local architectural culture with local materials and technologies.</p>

&nbsp;There are a lot of Oya-stone buildings in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture where Oya Town, the production area of Oya-stone is located. Many historic Oya-stone buildings exist in the urban area of Utsunomiya City that is traditionally an important point for traffic. These buildings are important factors that add history and regional characteristics to the townscape, but in recent years, an increasing number of Oya-stone buildings have been demolished due to the decreasing opportunities for use, land reallocation, and redevelopment, etc. However, at the same time, a phenomenon has also been observed recently where the appearance urban voids have made the stone storehouses called "Kura" at the back of the properties emerge, which has developed the fragmentary townscape where several Oya-stone buildings can be seen. It is therefore necessary to view Oya-stone buildings as building stocks and reconsider the contemporary city townscapes. The purpose of this study is, focusing on 102 Oya-stone buildings in the central area, to clarify the building types and townscape characteristics from the characteristics of Oya-stone buildings and their appearance in the town.<br>&nbsp;First, the characteristics of Oya-stone buildings such as building date, floor number, use, construction method, roof shape, stone finishing and decoration, and building remodeling, etc were considered and organized, and they were classified into various types such as &ldquo;2 stories under part of cladding stone Kura&rdquo; that is a building built in old times with the first floor of vertical joint stones and the second floor plastered, &ldquo;2 stories side parts of cladding stone Machiya&rdquo; that is a store with stone-pitched sides, &ldquo;2 stories masonry Kura&rdquo; whose whole body is masonry and that has robust doors and modern ornaments, &ldquo;2 stories RC piling stone Kura&rdquo; that is a building with RC circumferential girder and frame structure many of which were built during Showa and postwar periods, &ldquo;2 stories RC piling stone Kura&rdquo; that is a large-scale building, &ldquo;2 stories RC piling stone House&rdquo; that used Oya-stones partially as curtain walls, &ldquo;2 stories RC piling stone sign Shop&rdquo; that put a sign in the front, and &ldquo;2 stories wooden frame piling stone Kura&rdquo; that is a building with the first floor that is piling stone and the second floor that is wooden.<br>&nbsp;Then, as the result of considering the way buildings appear in a town from the relationships between roads and urban voids neighboring Oya-stone buildings, a phenomenon was observed where the side of a building appear from urban voids in and out of the property, and characteristic townscapes were observed where several Oya-stone buildings were connected from the connection and adjacency of the buildings.<br>&nbsp;Finally, the townscape of Oya-stone buildings analyzed above were considered. Historic &ldquo;2 stories under part of cladding stone Kura&rdquo; are located near Hongo and Kiyosumicho Street, and large-scale "2 stories RC piling stone Factory" are seen along the river flowing through the urban area. 2 storehouses are adjacented across urban void out of the property. Several &ldquo;2 stories side parts of cladding stone Machiya&rdquo; and storehouses in the properties are seen in the roadside of highways, etc, and fragmentary landscapes where several Oya-stone buildings exist at the back of the property are seen when we walk into an alley.<br>&nbsp;In conclusion, Oya-stone buildings were classified into 8 types according to their design characteristics and fragmentary townscapes of urban areas were clarified from the appearance and aggregation of buildings.

<p>The aim of this paper is to clarify composition of stone-buildings and townscape at west Ashinuma district in Utsunomiya city. Firstly, we found 49 stone-buildings at 16 sites in the district. 7 typologies of stone-buildings were analyzed through construction method and functions of buildings. Secondly, composition of the sites was analyzed through layout of the buildings and relationship to farmland and river terrace. Finally, we found 2 characteristic types of townscape which reflect local architectural culture with the local materials and technologies.</p>

The aim of this paper is to clarify composition of Oya-stone buildings and townscape at Uwada district in Utsunomiya city. Firstly, we found 90 stone-buildings at 39 sites in the district. 10 typologies of stone-buildings were analyzed through construction method and functions of buildings. Secondly, composition of the sites was analyzed through layout of the buildings and relationship to farmland and waterway. Finally, we found 3 characteristic types of townscape which reflect local architectural culture with local materials and technologies.

There are many buildings built of Oya-stone in Utsunomiya city, Tochigi prefecture, where Oya town, the diggings of Oya-stone, is located. Especially at Nishine district in Tokujirou town, where Tokujira-stone of green tuff same as Oya-stone was dug, there are many storehouses built of these stones and peculiar townscape can be seen. It is considered that architectural culture with locality can be found in these buildings with local materials through building industries and technologies. In recent years, some of these stone-buildings have been demolished and decreased, because chance of use has decreased and the owners have changed to their child generation. Therefore, preservation of the buildings and townscape are required. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristic types of the stone-buildings and the townscape with features of local materials and technologies through investigation and typological analysis. Firstly, we found 62 stone-buildings at 22 sites in Nishine district. Almost 60 percent of the buildings are built of stone. Moreover, features of stone buildings were examined such as construction age, number of stories, function of buildings, construction method of stone, finishing and joints of stone, decoration of windows, position of entrance and roof form. Construction method of stones was mainly classified to laying stones, cladding stones and foundation stones. Functions of buildings were mainly classified to &ldquo;Kura&rdquo;; a storehouse for belongings with closed door, &ldquo;Naya&rdquo;; a storehouse for agricultural instrument or garage with wide openings on the ground floor, &ldquo;Omoya&rdquo;; a main residence and &ldquo;Hanare&rdquo;; a subsidiary residence. Through these features, the 6 types of stone-buildings were analyzed. They are namely &ldquo;Two story-cladding stone-Kura&rdquo; (A) which was built in old period like Meiji era with roofing tile of stone, &ldquo;One story-laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1) which is the most simple building, &ldquo;One story-laying stone-Kura&rdquo; (B-2) which is relatively few in this district, &ldquo;Two story-laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (C-1) and &ldquo;Two story-laying stone-Kura&rdquo; (C-2) which are popular in this district, &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Naya&rdquo; (D-1) and &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Omoya&rdquo; (D-2) which is a typical rural residence with half-hipped-roof. Secondly, the composition of sites was analyzed through layout of stone-buildings and relationship to the main highway. As a result, there was a tendency that the stone-buildings are located in the front part of the sites which face to the highway. Moreover, boundary elements such as stone-fence or hedge and elements in the inner part of the sites such as stone-gate or small stone-shrine were examined. Finally, the townscape along the highway was analyzed through the types of stone-buildings and the compositions of sites. As a result, we found 3 characteristic types of townscape. In the west side of the entrance of highway (I), the townscape is covered with hedge in front of &ldquo;One story-foundation stone-Omoya&rdquo; (D-2) and so on. In the west middle of the highway (II), &ldquo;Laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1, C-1) with stone-fence are located in the front part of the sites and multiple types of stone-building are located in the inner part of the sites. In addition, stone-gates and stone-shrines are located in the deepest part of the several sites, therefore, the townscape with depth are formed in this area. In the east middle of the highway (III), where stone-fence continues along three sites in a row, &ldquo;Two story-cladding stone-Kura&rdquo; (A) with decorated windows and &ldquo;Laying stone-Naya&rdquo; (B-1, C-1) are located in the front part of the sites. Therefore, continuous stone fa&ccedil;ade becomes the center of the townscape along the highway.

&nbsp;In university campuses, there exists buildings with the common space to the public such as museum and library, which we call the open buildings to the public. There are a wide variety of open buildings to the public from those proactively disclosed to those used mainly by internal users but also by the public, and they are located at various areas in university campus. Disclosure of each open building to the public may be contributing to the formation of openness in the university campus. Since universities are required to contribute to their societies in recent years, the openness of campus is necessary to promote campus opening to their communities. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to clarify the openness of national university campus in Japan in relationship to layout of open buildings to the public.<br>&nbsp;Firstly, the characteristics of open buildings to the public are analyzed based on openness by the use of buildings and their layout in university campus. It was found that open buildings to the public were classified into three types of openness by the use of buildings : active use by the public (Rank A), possible use by specific external users (Rank B), and use mainly internal users but also by the public (Rank C). It was additionally discovered that most of those buildings belong to Rank C. It was also found that open buildings to the public tended to form the open unit by assembling each other or locating next to a square. In addition, it was clarified that open buildings to the public were placed on the campus in accordance with their openness such that buildings and open units actively used by the public (Rank A) were located near the main gate and open units mainly used by internal users (Rank C) were placed at the center of the campus site.<br>&nbsp;Secondly, openness of university campus are clarified through characteristic of open buildings to the public and campus environs. As a result, we found characteristics of openness of university campus from the viewpoint of the layout of open buildings to the public. In a campus that has buildings with relatively high openness (Rank A or B), area near the gate is used by external users. In a campus that has buildings with lower openness (Rank C), the central area of the campus is disclosed mainly to internal users. In a campus with both of their types, openness is gradually higher from gates to the center of the campus. It is found that the relationship between openness of university campus and campus environs. In campus near the gates were used by external users is nearby the station. In campus the central area of the campus is disclosed mainly to internal users is provided with a square and green spaces on the site boundary so as to connect with campus environs. Moreover we found that there were 2 type of formation processes in university campus with gradual openness from its main gate to its center: in one campus, its main gate was firstly disclosed and the open part was gradually extended to the center of the campus, and in another campus, its center is disclosed before the open part was expanded to its main gate.<br>&nbsp;Based on the above results, this provides a viewpoint to understand the openness in a university campus based on its buildings and significant as a basis of recognition to design campus openness in future campus maintenance based on its current openness through the construction of new open buildings to the public and utilization of existing buildings for public use.

This paper clarifies historical value of the former library stacks in Utsunomiya University: masonry building built of Ooya-stone in 1924 and reinforced concrete building with Ooya-stone wall built in 1957. Through literature research and measurement investigation, it is clarified that they have historical value as construction and design features of local Ooya-stone and as components of campus landscape in Taisho-era.

Hollowing-out in the center of local city is progressing because of the depopulation and the population outflow to the periphery of the city and there are many vacant lots such as parking or that is not used. Connected vacant lots are appeared according to the increase of vacant lots and there are relationship with adjacent building. And the combination forms the sparse urban environment in local cities. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to clarify the composition of connected vacant lots in the center of local city of Utsunomiya, Tochigi prefecture by considering the configuration of them and adjacent building. It is meaningful in considering the way urban landscape with vacant lots and the way the building is built. Firstly, the configuration of connected vacant lots is analyzed through the number of adjacent road and polygonal vertexes. As a result the characteristics of the configuration of vacant lots such as the characteristic that corner plots in the block, the connection of faced roads and fragmentation of townscape were analyzed by the number of adjacent roads. Also the four patterns of connected vacant lots were led by the combination of the vertexes in the side of buildings. According to these points it is found that there is the tendency that if the number of adjacent roads is very small, the number of the vertex decreases and the form of connected vacant lots becomes simpler, and if the number of adjacent roads is large, the number of vertex increases and the form of connected vacant lots becomes more complicated that contains the land of irregular shape. Secondly the elements of adjacent building are analyzed and it is also considered whether these elements are settled up assuming vacant lots exist. Firstly, the combination of low and middle height consists the most of part when the combination of the height of the buildings is analyzed. Also the boundary elements such as pilotis , gardens, or balconies are analyzed. As a result it was found that the boundary elements of the buildings and external spaces are appeared as the part of the townscape because of the emergence of vacant lots and there is the tendency that when the new building is built assuming vacant lots exist, the spatially continuous elements such as pilotis or balconies are settled up in the border between vacant lots and the building. Finally, the characteristics according to the configuration of vacant lots such as the characteristic of connected vacant lots with simple configuration that face large-scaled building, simple configuration that face contrastive elevation surface of the low building and complicated configuration that have the continuity by the opening and the pilotis of middle-to-low building are revealed as the characteristics of the typical composition that has the common combination of the configuration patterns of connected vacant lots and the elements of adjacent buildings and the context of the emergence. From the above result, it was clarified that the relation between vacant lots and buildings is produced depending on the configuration of connected vacant lots in the city block of local city. It shows that the urban environment that is particular to local city is formed and it is considered that it gives effective view point when the use and application of connected vacant lots is examined by the side of configuration and the element of adjacent building or when the way to build the building that faces vacant lots is examined.

The aim of this paper is to clarify the transition and the configuration of vacant lots in the center of local city. Firstly, the configurations of vacant lots are analyzed through their connection and the adjacent roads. Secondly, the compositions of the city block with combination of vacant lots are clarified. Finally, transitions of configuration of vacant lots are clarified based on the compositions of city block in 1970, 1990 and 2012. From the above, it turned out that the configuration and the transition of the vacant lots are characterized by division, setback and fragmentation of city block.

本研究は，中国広州市の市街地近郊農村集落において，急激な都市化の下で市街地化が進み，高層かつ高密度な居住地（城中村）が形成された経緯について，経年的な地図情報分析と現地踏査により集落空間変化を実証的に分析するとともに，それが農村土地管理ならびに農村住宅建設に係る法規制の変遷と運用に密接に結びついていることを明らかにした。さらに，配票調査を通じて城中村住民の居住地に対する環境評価と将来ビジョンを分析し，城中村の居住環境整備のあり方を検討した結果，(1)固有の歴史・文化・空間的条件を生かした整備，(2)立地条件と空間変化の特徴をふまえた修復的整備，(3)在来住民・流入住民の共生社会形成に向けた整備，の三点を指摘した。

The aim of this paper is to clarify the forms of assembly of plural station squares in central Tokyo in terms of spatial compositions with surroundings. Initially, combinations of station squares around a station building are analyzed. Secondly, connections between those squares are analyzed through common elements such as passing streets and buildings which can be seen from several squares. Finally, 4 forms of assembly are clarified: unity of similar squares, one-sided integration of squares by building scale, connection of dissimilar squares with common railway tracks in canal bed, and indirect connection of squares with common distant high-rise building.

The aim of this paper is to clarify characteristics of station squares in the center district of Tokyo in terms of spatial compositions with surrounding environments. Initially, the configulations of station squares are analyzed including opening part such as arterial road or railroad track. Secondly, the building volumes which face the square are analyzed in terms of the comparative scale of the station building, and thirdly, configurations of distant buildings are analyzed. Finally 4 directions and 7 fundamental models are clarified through the above-mentioned characteristics, which represent one aspect of the urban agglomeration of the contemporary Japanese city.

The aim of this paper is to clarify characteristics of contemporary Japanese urban exterior space in terms of their spatial composition with surrounding environments. Initially the spaces enclosed by building volumes are extracted as 'vacant lands' in the center district of Tokyo, and their spatial articulation are analyzed as 'closure pattern'. Secondly their accesses from streets are analyzed as 'street pattern', and thirdly their functional characteristics are analyzed. Finally 13 spatial types are clarified through the above-mentioned patterns and characteristics. By comparing those types, they are structured in relationship with 5 fundamental models which represent urban agglomeration of the contemporary Japanese city.